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This book investigates the communicative turn in planning practice, and its potential for insurgent forms of civic engagement and democracy-building, drawing on interviews with urban planners who challenge technocratic spatial planning by incorporating notions of participation, spatial justice and the right to the city into their daily practices.

In Paraisópolis, a slum in São Paulo (Brazil) housing over 100.000 inhabitants, the Covid crisis seemed to have less of a death toll (0,0217%) than in other areas of the city (an average of 0,0652% as of May 2020); or at least it did at first. The sense of community in the area is strong, leading to many community initiatives and organisations to rise to the challenge of combating the pandemic with little help from the authorities. The community's initial efficient response to the Covid crisis relied heavily on self‐reliance and self‐organization to mobilise common resources. Despite their later failure in containing the virus, the community's response to the pandemic is exemplary of a well‐known phenomenon: how communities are able to mobilise the commons to create general welfare. The commons concept is used in this contribution to help us better understand slum governance and the power and limitations of community reliance. At the same time, we aim to refine our understanding of the commons as a contentious category rooted in agonistic relationships instead of the romanticised leftist social imaginary that views the commons as purely anti‐capitalist. Thus, we explicitly argue for a view of the commons and commoning that transcends the narrow "Leftist imaginary" of the commons as egalitarian, inclusive, anti‐capitalist, horizontal, and as expressions of sharing (and caring), and instead views the commons as embedded in everyday realities, where commoning practices emerge as practises that support the reproduction of (social) life.

The political meaning of informal urbanisation / Roberto Rocco and Jan van Ballegooijen -- Ahmedabad : urban informality and the production of exclusion / Vrushti Mawani, Michael Leaf -- Ankara : struggles for housing : legitimate, self-contradictory or both? : impacts of clientelism and rights-seeking on informal housing in Ankara / Yelda Kizildag Özdemirli -- Balkans : informal settlements in the Balkans : squatters' magic realism vs. planners' modernist fantasy vs. governments' tolerance and opportunism / Dorina Pojani -- Beirut : Dahiye : an active space for social justice and resistance : re-imagining informality in light of growing urban marginality / Nabil Nazha -- Belo Horizonte : new urban occupations in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte and the struggle for housing rights / Maria Tereza Fonseca Dias, Juliano dos Santos Calixto, Larissa Pirchiner de Oliveira Vieira, Ananda Martins Carvalho, Carolina Spyer Vieira Assad, Lucas Nasser Marques de Souza, Fúlvio Alvarenga Sampaio, Julia Dinardi Alves Pinto, and Marcos Bernardes Rosa -- Cairo : right to the city and public space in post-revolutionary Cairo / Noheir Elgendy, Alessandro Frigerio -- Fortaleza : informal urbanization versus modernization : popular resistance in Fortaleza, Brazil / Germana Câmara , Clarissa Freitas and Beatriz Rufino -- Guangzhou : fewer contestations, more negotiations : a multi-scalar understanding of the "politics of informal urbanization" in southern China / Josefine Fokdal, Peter Herrle -- Guayaquil : conflicting competences in Guayaquil's contested and (in)formal periphery / Alina Delgado, Olga Peek, Viviana d'Auria -- Hanoi : a study of informally developed housing and its role in the political arena of a post-reform communist city / Stephanie Geertman and Boram Kim -- Harare : informality and urban citizenship : housing struggles in Hharare, Zimbabwe / Davison Muchadenyika, Molin K. Chakamba, and Patience Mguni -- Jerusalem : the multifaceted politics of informality in Jerusalem at the time of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict / Francesco Chiodelli -- Johannesburg : the political ecology of the right to the rainbow city informal spaces and practices and the quest for socio-environmental rights in urbanizing Johannesburg / Costanza La Mantia, Dylan Weakley -- Khartoum : the politics of displacement in a conflictive polity / Budoor Bukhari, Tasneem Nagi -- Lima : Lima, informal urbanization and the state : the rise and fall of urban populism in Lima / Matteo Stiglich , Adrián Lerner -- Mashhad : claiming the right to the city : informal urbanisation in the holy city of Mashhad / Elham Bahmanteymouri, Mohsen Mohammadzadeh -- Medellin : performative infrastructures : medellin's governmental technologies of informality : the case of the encircled garden project in Comuna 8 / Catalina Ortiz, Camillo Boano -- Mumbai : profit versus people : the struggle for inclusion in Mumbai / Rohan Varma, Kritika Sha -- Nairobi : the socio-political implications of informal tenement housing in Nairobi, Kenya / Miriam Maina & Baraka Mwau -- Port au Prince : Haiti's disaster urbanism : the emerging city of Canaan / Angela Sherwood, Laura Smits, Anna Konotchick -- Rio de Janeiro : tackling informality in low-income housing : the case of the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro / Alex Ferreira Magalhães -- São Paulo : Cortiços : interstitial urbanization in central São Paulo / Jeroen Stevens, Bruno De Meulder, Débora Sanches -- São Paulo : occupations : a pedagogy of confrontation : informal building occupations in São Paulo's central neighbourhoods / Alexandre Apsan Frediani, Beatrice De Carli, Benedito Roberto Barbosa, Francisco de Assis Comarú, Ricardo de Sousa Moretti -- Seoul : the evolution of informal settlers' political gains in changing state regimes in Seoul / Boram Kim, Hogeun Park, Jaehyeon Park -- Yogyakarta : slum dwellers strategies and tactics in Yogyakarta, Indonesia / Sonia Roitman.

The political meaning of informal urbanisation / Roberto Rocco and Jan van Ballegooijen -- Ahmedabad : urban informality and the production of exclusion / Vrushti Mawani, Michael Leaf -- Ankara : struggles for housing : legitimate, self-contradictory or both? : impacts of clientelism and rights-seeking on informal housing in Ankara / Yelda Kizildag Özdemirli -- Balkans : informal settlements in the Balkans : squatters' magic realism vs. planners' modernist fantasy vs. governments' tolerance and opportunism / Dorina Pojani -- Beirut : Dahiye : an active space for social justice and resistance : re-imagining informality in light of growing urban marginality / Nabil Nazha -- Belo Horizonte : new urban occupations in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte and the struggle for housing rights / Maria Tereza Fonseca Dias, Juliano dos Santos Calixto, Larissa Pirchiner de Oliveira Vieira, Ananda Martins Carvalho, Carolina Spyer Vieira Assad, Lucas Nasser Marques de Souza, Fúlvio Alvarenga Sampaio, Julia Dinardi Alves Pinto, and Marcos Bernardes Rosa -- Cairo : right to the city and public space in post-revolutionary Cairo / Noheir Elgendy, Alessandro Frigerio -- Fortaleza : informal urbanization versus modernization : popular resistance in Fortaleza, Brazil / Germana Câmara , Clarissa Freitas and Beatriz Rufino -- Guangzhou : fewer contestations, more negotiations : a multi-scalar understanding of the "politics of informal urbanization" in southern China / Josefine Fokdal, Peter Herrle -- Guayaquil : conflicting competences in Guayaquil's contested and (in)formal periphery / Alina Delgado, Olga Peek, Viviana d'Auria -- Hanoi : a study of informally developed housing and its role in the political arena of a post-reform communist city / Stephanie Geertman and Boram Kim -- Harare : informality and urban citizenship : housing struggles in Hharare, Zimbabwe / Davison Muchadenyika, Molin K. Chakamba, and Patience Mguni -- Jerusalem : the multifaceted politics of informality in Jerusalem at the time of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict / Francesco Chiodelli -- Johannesburg : the political ecology of the right to the rainbow city informal spaces and practices and the quest for socio-environmental rights in urbanizing Johannesburg / Costanza La Mantia, Dylan Weakley -- Khartoum : the politics of displacement in a conflictive polity / Budoor Bukhari, Tasneem Nagi -- Lima : Lima, informal urbanization and the state : the rise and fall of urban populism in Lima / Matteo Stiglich , Adrián Lerner -- Mashhad : claiming the right to the city : informal urbanisation in the holy city of Mashhad / Elham Bahmanteymouri, Mohsen Mohammadzadeh -- Medellin : performative infrastructures : medellin's governmental technologies of informality : the case of the encircled garden project in Comuna 8 / Catalina Ortiz, Camillo Boano -- Mumbai : profit versus people : the struggle for inclusion in Mumbai / Rohan Varma, Kritika Sha -- Nairobi : the socio-political implications of informal tenement housing in Nairobi, Kenya / Miriam Maina & Baraka Mwau -- Port au Prince : Haiti's disaster urbanism : the emerging city of Canaan / Angela Sherwood, Laura Smits, Anna Konotchick -- Rio de Janeiro : tackling informality in low-income housing : the case of the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro / Alex Ferreira Magalhães -- São Paulo : Cortiços : interstitial urbanization in central São Paulo / Jeroen Stevens, Bruno De Meulder, Débora Sanches -- São Paulo : occupations : a pedagogy of confrontation : informal building occupations in São Paulo's central neighbourhoods / Alexandre Apsan Frediani, Beatrice De Carli, Benedito Roberto Barbosa, Francisco de Assis Comarú, Ricardo de Sousa Moretti -- Seoul : the evolution of informal settlers' political gains in changing state regimes in Seoul / Boram Kim, Hogeun Park, Jaehyeon Park -- Yogyakarta : slum dwellers strategies and tactics in Yogyakarta, Indonesia / Sonia Roitman.

This article explores the use of the pattern language approach in bridging the gap between formal and informal urban planning practices in the African context. This study focuses on a case application within the urbanised region encompassing the Nakivubo wetland located in Kampala, Uganda. As in other cities in Africa with a colonial past, Kampala's planning system signals a profound gap between a technocratic, European paradigms-based type of planning and the everyday practices of citizens. This results in a "dual city," with formal and informal communities using resources and spaces differently, leading to spatial segregation and non-implementation of urban plans. To overcome this challenge, the pattern language approach is utilised in this research to link formal and informal practices through facilitating meaningful community participation and integrating tacit knowledge into the planning process. To achieve this, the researchers conducted fieldwork and interacted with the local community in informal settlements to develop informal patterns, while analysing the history and current organisation of formal planning institutions in Kampala to formulate formal patterns. The patterns were used as input for a community workshop, which resulted in a pattern language of wetland management practices and a framework that begins to bridge both formal and informal domains of urban practice. By using the pattern language approach as a tool to understand informal practices and their possible incorporation into a planning process that captures the needs of citizens, this research offers relevant insights into achieving sustainable and inclusive urban environments.

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) are becoming a popular educational tool in different disciplines. Urban planning education is no exception and new MOOCs are being released every year. Despite this, it is still not clear how this new learning experience is being developed, delivered, and impacting upon planning education. This article sheds light on this issue using the case of the Rethink the City MOOC organised by the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment of TU Delft. The course received the AESOP Excellence on Teaching award in 2017 and serves as an example of how planning education is facing the change towards online education. The article briefly introduces the course and develops on the challenges and results of it. Based on the course team experience of preparing and delivering the course, the article contributes to the debate about online education and supports fellow academics involved with the creation of new MOOCs.

Based on the case study (Deliverables 4.2) as well as the thematic (Deliverable 4.3) work, a list of 29 spatial planning measures and policies was elaborated. The measures can increase energy efficiency, reduce energy use or increasing the share of renewable energy in a city. In the main part of this report we analyse the application of these measures in each of the six PLEEC cities and suggest which areas the cities' could work further on. In the final section of this report we draw some general conclusions based on WP4 work. We state four general questions (and some remarks to it) which cities should take into consideration when working on their Energy Efficiency Action Plans: (1) How can spatial planning reduce energy use in our cities? (2) How do different geographical, regional, cultural or political contexts influence options? (3) How can we measure and monitor its effects? (4) What is the scope of municipal action?

The purpose of this report (Deliverable 4.1) is to provide guidance for the work on Deliverable 4.2 (D4.2). D4.2 will consist of six separate case study reports (or 'city reports', one for each of the 6 PLEEC cities) which will be conducted by different persons of the Work package 4 (WP4)-team. Therefore it is important to have a joint framework, defining the relevant questions and issues which should be worked on. However, as the six cities are very different, the framework stays at a general level to allow different foci in each of the reports. The main addressee is the WP4-team who will work on the case study reports (D4.2). The wider target group are other PLEEC partners who are interested in WP4's work as well as other professionals who would like to get inspiration how to conduct an analysis of energy issues in relation to spatial planning and urban form in medium-sized cities. Five main chapters are suggested to follow in all case study reports: • Overview of city (geography, socio-economic, history, …) • Historical urban development and spatial planning development • Evolution of national and local energy planning • Management of urban planning and energy today • Pilot projects / good examples of sustainable development which evolved out of the planning system This document is based on a continuous discussion between UCPH and TUD since July 2013, review of literature, the WP4 workshop in Stoke-on-Trent in November 2013, discussions undertaken around the virtual WP4 kick-off meeting in February 2014 with city partners and the WP4 workshop in Turku in March 2014. Some background material can be found in the Annex. Notes from the meetings are available on the internal PLEEC homepage. The PLEEC project Energy efficiency is high on the European agenda. One of the goals of the European Union's 20-20-20 plan is to improve energy efficiency by 20% in 2020. However, holistic knowledge about energy efficiency potentials in cities is far from complete. Currently, a variety of individual strategies and approaches by different stakeholders tackling separate key aspects hinders strategic energy efficiency planning. For this reason, the PLEEC project – "Planning for Energy Efficient Cities" – funded by the EU Seventh Framework Programme uses an integrative approach to achieve the sustainable, energy–efficient, smart city. By coordinating strategies and combining best practices, PLEEC will develop a general model for energy efficiency and sustainable city planning. By connecting scientific excellence and innovative enterprises in the energy sector with ambitious and well-organized cities, the project aims to reduce energy use in Europe in the near future and will therefore be an important tool contributing to the EU's 20-20-20 targets.

Our experiences of the city are dependent on our gender, race, class, age, ability, and sexual orientation. It was already clear before the pandemic that cities around the world were divided and becoming increasingly unequal. The pandemic has torn back the curtain on many of these pre-existing inequalities. Contributions to this volume engage directly with different urban communities around the world. They give voice to those who experience poverty, discrimination and marginalisation in order to put them in the front and center of planning, policy, and political debates that make and shape cities. Offering crucial insights for reforming cities to be more resilient to future crises, this is an invaluable resource for scholars and policy makers alike