Multiple Rumors: Recado and Conconversa in Joao Guimaraes Rosas Fiction
In: Luso-Brazilian review: LBR, Band 53, Heft 2, S. 62-83
ISSN: 1548-9957
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In: Luso-Brazilian review: LBR, Band 53, Heft 2, S. 62-83
ISSN: 1548-9957
In: Peace research abstracts journal, Band 43, Heft 6, S. 68-69
ISSN: 0031-3599
No período de 1965-77 houve um aumento de 15 vezes no consumo brasileiro de fertilizantes. São discutidas as causas - pesquisa, política, agrícola, disponibilidade de fertilizantes. É dada ênfase a dois programas especiais de extensão: a "operação tatu" desenvolvida no Sul do País e o programa coordenado pela ANDA no Centro e no Nordeste. ; (1) In the period 1965/77 fertilizer consumption in Brazil increased nearly fifteen foild from circa 200,000 tons of N + P2O5 + K2O to 3 million tons. During the fifteen years extending from 1950 to 1964 usage of the primary macronutrients was raised by a factor of 2 only. (2) Several explanations are given for the remarkable increase, namely: an experimental background which supplied data for recommendations of rates, time and type of application; a convenient governmental policy for minimum prices and rural credit; capacity of the industry to meet the demand of the fertilizer market; an adequate mechanism for the diffusion of the practice of fertilizer use to the farmer. (3) The extension work, which has caused a permanent change in the aptitude towards fertilization, was carried out in the traditional way by salesmen supported by a technical staff, as well as by agronomists of the official services. (4) Two new programs were started and conducted in a rather short time, both putting emphasis on the relatively new technology of fertilizer use. (5) The first program, conducted in the Southern part of the country, extended lab and green house work supplemented by a few field trials to small land owners - the so called "operação tatú" (operation armadillo). (6) The seconde program, covering a larger problem area in the Northeast and in Central Brazil, began directly in field as thousands of demonstrations and simple experiments with the participation of local people whose involvement was essential for the success of the initiative; in this case the official extension services, both foreign and national sources of funds, and universities did participate under the leadership of the Brazilian Association for the Diffusion of Fertilizers (ANDA). (7) It is felt that the Brazilian experience gained thereof could be useful to other countries under similar conditions.
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In: European review of economic history: EREH, Band 15, Heft 1, S. 1-27
ISSN: 1474-0044
Urban seismology has gained scientific interest with the development of seismic ambient noise monitoring techniques and also for being a useful tool to connect society with the Earth sciences. The interpretation of the sources of seismic records generated by sporting events, traffic, or huge agglomerations arouses the population's curiosity and opens up a range of possibilities for new applications of seismology, especially in the area of urban monitoring. In this contribution, we present the analysis of seismic records from a station in the city of Brasilia during unusual episodes of silencing and noisy periods. Usually, cultural noise is observed in high-fequency bands. We showed in our analysis that cultural noise can also be observed in the low-frequency band, when high-frequency signal is attenuated. As examples of noisy periods, we have that of the Soccer World Cup in Brazil in 2014, where changes in noise are related to celebrations of goals and the party held by FIFA in the city, and the political manifestations in the period of the Impeachment trial in 2016, which reached the concentration of about 300,000 protesters. The two most characteristic periods of seismic silence have been the quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and the trucker strike that occurred across the country in 2018, both drastically reducing the movement of people in the city. ; MS received support from the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR1022) and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (SANIMS project, no. RTI2018-095594-B-I00). MPR thanks CNPq for the research fellowship grant 30.7151/2018-2.
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[EN] Probabilistic finite-state automata are a formalism that is widely used in many problems of automatic speech recognition and natural language processing. Probabilistic finite-state automata are closely related to other finite-state models as weighted finite-state automata, word lattices, and hidden Markov models. Therefore, they share many similar properties and problems. Entropy measures of finite-state models have been investigated in the past in order to study the information capacity of these models. The derivational entropy quantifies the uncertainty that the model has about the probability distribution it represents. The derivational entropy in a finite-state automaton is computed from the probability that is accumulated in all of its individual state sequences. The computation of the entropy from a weighted finite-state automaton requires a normalized model. This article studies an efficient computation of the derivational entropy of left-to-right probabilistic finite-state automata, and it introduces an efficient algorithm for normalizing weighted finite-state automata. The efficient computation of the derivational entropy is also extended to continuous hidden Markov models. ; This work has been partially supported through the European Union's H2020 grant READ (Recognition and Enrichment of Archival Documents) (Ref: 674943) and the MINECO/FEDER-UE project TIN2015-70924-C2-1-R. The second author was supported by the "Division de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion" of Instituto Tecnologico de Leon. ; Sánchez Peiró, JA.; Rocha, MA.; Romero, V.; Villegas, M. (2018). On the Derivational Entropy of Left-to-Right Probabilistic Finite-State Automata and Hidden Markov Models. Computational Linguistics. 44(1):17-37. https://doi.org/10.1162/COLI_a_00306 ; S ; 17 ; 37 ; 44 ; 1 ; Abney, S., McAllester, D., & Pereira, F. (1999). Relating probabilistic grammars and automata. Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics -. ...
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In: Sociobiology: an international journal on social insects, Band 69, Heft 4, S. e7238
Until now, the occurrence of Pericapritermes ceylonicus (Holmgren) was not confirmed in the Indian mainland. Here, we document the occurrence of this species from Karnataka state constituting its first report from India. The species was identified based on the soldier caste, and the worker characters were described for the first time, including the digestive tube and enteric valve armature. The enteric valve was characterized by the presence of gradually reducing triangular spines. The study provides the basis for further taxonomic characterization of Pericapritermes occurring in India using gut morphology of workers.
In: Journal of the International AIDS Society, Band 11, Heft Suppl 1, S. P120
ISSN: 1758-2652
In: http://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/281395
Without further and accelerated action it appears very likely that global greenhouse gas emission levels in 2020 will be far above those that are consistent with agreed international warming goals. This gap between where emissions are headed and where they need to be is now widely acknowledged by the international community and at COP17 in Durban a work plan on enhancing mitigation ambition was launched to explore options for strengthening efforts by all Parties. In this context, this briefing paper explores a range of issues, options and strategies for bridging the 2020 emissions gap as a matter of urgency. We begin by reviewing some of the recent science in relation to limiting warming to the agreed warming goals, and the relative role of different greenhouse gases and other climate forcing agents. The scientific analysis in this paper is new in that it integrates insights from the recent reports published by the United Nations Environment Programme, relating to hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions, action on methane and action to reduce air pollution in the context of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels consistent with holding warming to below 2°C, and ultimately to 1.5°C . Another innovative feature of this briefing paper then follows with a practical analysis of a range of initiatives that, taken together, could have the potential to bring emissions from present projected levels to those that are consistent with 2°C warming limit and assist national governments to implement and strengthen their emission reduction pledges. We provide an overview of such initiatives -often led by players other than national governments and in many cases driven by concerns broader than climate change. Together, these initiatives could have the potential to bridge the emissions gap. Finally we highlight further work needed to elaborate on the scientific issues, mitigation options and barriers to their achievement in order to realise the possibilities outlined in the paper.
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In: CyTA: journal of food, S. 1-10
ISSN: 1947-6345
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region emerges as one of the hot spots for worsening extreme heat, drought and aridity conditions under climate change. A synthesis of peer-reviewed literature from 2010 to date and own modeling work on biophysical impacts of climate change on selected sectors shows that the region is highly affected by present and future climate change. These biophysical impacts paired with other pressures and a lack of resilience in some countries cause high vulnerabilities within these sectors and for social dimensions in the MENA region. The agricultural sector, of which 70 percent is rain-fed, is highly exposed to changing climatic conditions. This is of critical importance as the agriculture sector is the largest employer in many Arab countries and contributes significantly to national economies. Impacts will be high in a 2 °C world, as, e.g., annual water discharge, already critically low, is projected to drop by another 15–45% (75% in a 4 °C world) and unusual heat extremes projected to affect about one-third of the land area with likely consequences for local food production. As a consequence, deteriorating rural livelihoods associated with declining agricultural productivity will continue to contribute to migration flows, often to urban areas as already observed. The region could be heavily challenged by both rising food and water demand given its projected increase in population that may double by 2070. As a result, the regions already substantial import dependency could increase and thus its vulnerability to agricultural impacts well beyond its country borders. A severe and sustained pressure on resources could contribute to further social unrest in the already unstable political environment that currently characterizes parts of the region. While the particular societal responses to such changes are hard to foresee, it is clear that extreme impacts would constitute unprecedented challenges to the social systems affected.
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AstraZeneca ; European Union Horizon 2020 research (under grant agreement No 668858 PrECISE to J.S.R.) ; Wellcome Trust (102696 and 206194)
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