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This paper examines the policy mix for broadband infrastructure deployment, and asks what role is there for coordination agents. While research has begun to examine coordination of policy, analysis has largely focused on organization and structures. This paper seeks to develop this further by examining the informal role that coordination actors play in managing synergies and tensions in the policy mix. The research highlights shared synergies in policy objectives for broadband deployment at multiple levels of governance – EU, UK, regional and local authority. Tensions, however, are found in the deployment process at the regional level, as broadband policy objectives interact with those for highways and planning agendas. In seeking to manage these tensions it highlights three coordination roles – champion, troubleshooter and monitor - and shows how these help to address conflicts and tensions that emerge. While the research suggests such tensions are impossible to fully eliminate, the findings show how the work of these informal actors helps to mediate their effects and support the deployment of broadband. These findings are drawn from an in-depth study of broadband policy in Wales between 2012 and 2017, including interviews with the policy community, analysis of news articles and review of policy documentation.

AbstractThe paper begins by reviewing literature suggesting that sports stadia have negligible or even negative economic impacts upon their host city or region. This paper suggests that in some specific cases the picture may not be so clear cut. It examines the operations of the Wales Millennium Stadium since its inception in 1999 and suggests that the stadium has had a positive impact upon economic demand and hence employment and value added in Cardiff. Moreover, the research suggests that much of this increased demand originates from visitors resident outside Cardiff and Wales, and hence the stadium functions as a notable 'exporter' for the city, and is moreover critical to its tourism performance. Conversely, the paper finds that stadium effects are limited in scale compared to city and regional economic activity in aggregate and concludes that the stadium's relative economic importance is driven by its atypical operation compared to other stadia.ResumenEl artículo comienza revisando literatura que sugiere que los estadios deportivos tienen impactos económicos despreciables o incluso negativos en la ciudad o región que los alberga. Este artículo sugiere que, en casos específicos, esta imagen no es siempre cierta. Examina las operaciones del Wales Millenium Stadium desde sus comienzos en 1999 y sugiere que el estadio ha tenido un impacto positivo sobre la demanda económica y por tanto en el empleo y el valor añadido en Cardiff. Además, la investigación sugiere que gran parte de este aumento de la demanda se debe a visitantes de fuera de Cardiff y País de Gales, y que por tanto el estadio funciona como un 'exportador' notable para la ciudad y es además crítico para el rendimiento por turismo. Por el contrario, el artículo encuentra que los efectos del estadio son limitados a escala en comparación con las actividades económicas de la ciudad y la región agregadas y concluye que la importancia económica relativa del estadio está causada por su manera de operar atípica en comparación con otros estadios.