La France ne représente que 0.3% du commerce direct de CPO de la Malaisie, et au plus 1.4% des commerces directes et indirects, et respectivement 0.2% et 0.9% dans le cas du commerce de CPO de l'Indonésie. Les dynamiques de la déforestation en Malaisie sont décrites par le rapport, le plus gros ayant eut lieu il y a 2 décennies, et est en passe de se terminer. La déforestation résiduelle ne peut guère être influencée par une politique d'arrêt ou de diminution des importations françaises. Il est possible que la décision politique essaie de s'orienter vers une utilisation de l'huile de palme "visible" et facile à délimiter, comme celle de l'huile de palme dans le biodiesel français ou européen. Quoiqu'il en soit, ce bras de levier sur la déforestation importée, à court ou moyen terme, n'est pas significatif.
Depuis les années 1990, les filières bois apparaissent séparées en deux mondes aux structures quasiment indépendantes, celui des pays développés et celui des pays en développement. A l'échelle du monde, environ la moitié de la production de bois est utilisée pour produire de l'énergie, et l'autre moitié pour produire du bois d'oeuvre ou d'industrie. Le principal ressort de la consommation des bois du monde, et spécialement des bois tropicaux, devient désormais l'urbanisation des pays en transition. Des réseaux d'entreprises ont émergé dans le commerce du bois, qui servent de relais entre les zones forestières et les demandes croissantes liées à l'expansion des entités urbaines des grands pays en transition, parmi lesquels le Brésil, l'Inde et la Chine ont le plus d'influence. Ils supplantent dans les forêts tropicales des industries aux organisations plus traditionnelles, qui avaient dominé jusque dans le milieu des années 1990. Ces réseaux d'entreprises sont d'ordinaire multisectoriels, le bois n'y étant qu'une activité parmi d'autres (agro-industries, machines-outils, logistique, bâtiments et travaux publics, médias). Ils entretiennent des relations où la coopération est calculée sur plusieurs générations, et où la compétition et l'opportunisme sont maîtres. La décision et la production sont décentralisées, et ces entreprises ont un cycle de vie très rapide. Elles ne cessent de se créer et de disparaître pour laisser germer de nouvelles entités ; finalement, les entreprises qui se sont créées au bon moment sur le bon créneau survivent et forment le lien avec les autres entreprises du réseau. L'économie du bois révèle la complexité des mutations de l'économie mondiale, dont les médias se font l'écho en citant les visées de la Chine sur les matières premières d'Afrique, ou l'offensive des multinationales du Sud en Europe. Alors que la politique internationale se préoccupe des enjeux de l'environnement comme des forêts tropicales au même titre que les banquises ou les récifs coralliens, on oublie souvent que de grandes manoeuvres et des batailles économiques ont lieu en ce moment entre multinationales du "sud" et multinationales du "nord" pour le contrôle du foncier, des réseaux commerciaux, de des accès aux marchés en pleine croissance que sont les pays émergents. Parmi les multinationales du Sud, Olam, Wilmar and Sinar Mas, ont commencé comme des conglomérats asiatiques mais jouent maintenant à jeu égal avec les géants du secteur "agrobusiness". Ces géants connus comme les traders ABCD sont Archer Daniels Midland, Bunge, Cargill, Louis Dreyfus. D'autres groupes asiatiques moins connus comme Sime Darby, Ta Ann, WTK, Samling, etc., apparaissent occasionnellement dans les journaux à l'occasion de rapports d'ONG qui dénoncent leur méfaits environnementaux (réels ou pas), où quand les grands fonds d'investissement comme le fond de pension Norvégien annoncent qu'ils en retirent leurs parts. Ces nouveaux réseaux transnationaux opèrent dans tous les continents et tous les secteurs, connectant l'économie du bois à celle du café où aux mouvement de bourses américains ou singapouriens. Ces réseaux connectent les dynamiques asiatiques au reste du monde, spécialement aux enjeux africains. Ils font bouger les lignes sur les questions de la déforestation, de l'accaparement des terres, etc. (Texte intégral)
32 p ISBN 979-24-4675-3 ; After decades of war, Cambodia is one of the world's poorest nations, its economy and its political life are still suffering from the civil war that racked the country during the latter part of the 20th century. Rice and rubber were traditionally the principal exports of Cambodia, but exports fell sharply after the onset of the civil war, which put most of the rubber plantations out of operation. By the 1990s, however, rubber plantings had been undertaken as part of a national recovery program, and rubber and rice were again being exported. The fishing industry has also somehow been revived, but some food shortages continue. From this period, the largest source of export income has been timber, until the Cambodian government set up a "log export" ban in 1995. With a rather limited national environment supporting the development of an internationally competitive wood processing industry, this industry sector has not benefited from this ban. Wood material exports have continued under a limited processed form, i.e. squared logs and thick boards. Up to now, no development of any wood pulp or chipping industry has been impossible in Cambodia. Additionally, in 2002, any logging activity has been suspended for any forest companies, until the approval of their new forest concessions. Some forest companies which had old logs (harvested before 2001) were still authorized to process them. Further, in 2003, a large portion of the territory (about 24%) was declared as protected area. The industrial growth of the country is now mainly sustained by the garment and tourism sectors. But until now, inadequate transportation hampers the development of national industries, except in some "development pockets". This poor transportation is a major impediment for the development of pulp wood plantations or pulp and chipping industries in Cambodia.
29 p ; ISBN 979-24-4677-X ; http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/Research/Governance/Projects/forest_trade.htm ; Regarding the forest sector, in a context of substantial areas of denuded and bare lands (initially around 25% of Vietnam area), forestry rehabilitation and development plans have been continuously on the focus in Vietnam since the end of the war. The first projects were planned under an existing broader program, the United Nations World Food program (1975-200). These projects essentially concerned agro-forestry and demonstrations trials. Vietnam started its economic renovation policy (known as "Doi Moi") in 1986 with a series of major economic programs and industrial development plans1. Among them, the program 327 (1993-1998) was initially planning substantial effort to rehabilitate forest degraded lands. It soon shifted to focus on forest protection in critical zones. Finally, the program 661 (1998-2010), also known as "Five million hectares reforestation program" (5MHRP), really put the emphasis on a substantial increment of the nation's forest areas. By the end of this program, the national forests are expected to cover more than 14 million hectares. The program includes both protection of existing forests and reforestation. Initially, Most of the production plantations were planned to be established with fast growing exogenous species (i.e. eucalyptus). Now, the government is promoting the development of indigenous species as much as possible.
23 p ; 979-24-4676-1 ; http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/Research/Governance/Projects/forest_trade.htm ; Malaysia has a total capacity pulp and paper production at over 1 million T/year. The country is a net importer of pulp, paper, and paper board, and progressively tends to decrease its dependency. However, the self-sufficiency is growing at a slow rate. All the paper mills of the country are small by the world industry standards, none producing more than 300 000 T/Year. The Malaysian government has identified this particular industry sector as one of the priority areas for investment in the second industrial master plan (IMP2). The strategy is to achieve a state of self sufficiency, to reduce import, and to encourage foreign capital inflow. The industry was one of the industries to survive the economic downturn resulting from the "Asian crisis" in 1997, as much as the softening of the economy following the September 11th, 2001 event. No paper mill was closed down or taken over by larger companies at these occasions. The paper mills survived by remaining small but efficient, while cutting the cost of production at the same time. The industry also managed to remain buoyant by focusing on niche markets at the national scale. The Malaysian pulp and paper industry is heavily dependant on imported fibre, particularly virgin pulp, and is also facing the need to find a new source of fibre to strengthen and retain the quality of secondary fibres as the use of recycled paper is growing in Malaysia. As for the other wood-based Malaysian industries, further development of integration of downstream activities is highly promoted. The utilisation of wood waste is promoted through the emphasis on R&D and technology improvements. Meanwhile, more forest plantation projects are planned to ensure a sufficient and steady source of fibre supply in the long run. Other sources of supply are non-wood materials, such as oil palm residues; Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) are also presented as alternatives to wood fibre.
32 p ISBN 979-24-4675-3 ; After decades of war, Cambodia is one of the world's poorest nations, its economy and its political life are still suffering from the civil war that racked the country during the latter part of the 20th century. Rice and rubber were traditionally the principal exports of Cambodia, but exports fell sharply after the onset of the civil war, which put most of the rubber plantations out of operation. By the 1990s, however, rubber plantings had been undertaken as part of a national recovery program, and rubber and rice were again being exported. The fishing industry has also somehow been revived, but some food shortages continue. From this period, the largest source of export income has been timber, until the Cambodian government set up a "log export" ban in 1995. With a rather limited national environment supporting the development of an internationally competitive wood processing industry, this industry sector has not benefited from this ban. Wood material exports have continued under a limited processed form, i.e. squared logs and thick boards. Up to now, no development of any wood pulp or chipping industry has been impossible in Cambodia. Additionally, in 2002, any logging activity has been suspended for any forest companies, until the approval of their new forest concessions. Some forest companies which had old logs (harvested before 2001) were still authorized to process them. Further, in 2003, a large portion of the territory (about 24%) was declared as protected area. The industrial growth of the country is now mainly sustained by the garment and tourism sectors. But until now, inadequate transportation hampers the development of national industries, except in some "development pockets". This poor transportation is a major impediment for the development of pulp wood plantations or pulp and chipping industries in Cambodia.
29 p ; ISBN 979-24-4677-X ; http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/Research/Governance/Projects/forest_trade.htm ; Regarding the forest sector, in a context of substantial areas of denuded and bare lands (initially around 25% of Vietnam area), forestry rehabilitation and development plans have been continuously on the focus in Vietnam since the end of the war. The first projects were planned under an existing broader program, the United Nations World Food program (1975-200). These projects essentially concerned agro-forestry and demonstrations trials. Vietnam started its economic renovation policy (known as "Doi Moi") in 1986 with a series of major economic programs and industrial development plans1. Among them, the program 327 (1993-1998) was initially planning substantial effort to rehabilitate forest degraded lands. It soon shifted to focus on forest protection in critical zones. Finally, the program 661 (1998-2010), also known as "Five million hectares reforestation program" (5MHRP), really put the emphasis on a substantial increment of the nation's forest areas. By the end of this program, the national forests are expected to cover more than 14 million hectares. The program includes both protection of existing forests and reforestation. Initially, Most of the production plantations were planned to be established with fast growing exogenous species (i.e. eucalyptus). Now, the government is promoting the development of indigenous species as much as possible.
23 p ; 979-24-4676-1 ; http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/Research/Governance/Projects/forest_trade.htm ; Malaysia has a total capacity pulp and paper production at over 1 million T/year. The country is a net importer of pulp, paper, and paper board, and progressively tends to decrease its dependency. However, the self-sufficiency is growing at a slow rate. All the paper mills of the country are small by the world industry standards, none producing more than 300 000 T/Year. The Malaysian government has identified this particular industry sector as one of the priority areas for investment in the second industrial master plan (IMP2). The strategy is to achieve a state of self sufficiency, to reduce import, and to encourage foreign capital inflow. The industry was one of the industries to survive the economic downturn resulting from the "Asian crisis" in 1997, as much as the softening of the economy following the September 11th, 2001 event. No paper mill was closed down or taken over by larger companies at these occasions. The paper mills survived by remaining small but efficient, while cutting the cost of production at the same time. The industry also managed to remain buoyant by focusing on niche markets at the national scale. The Malaysian pulp and paper industry is heavily dependant on imported fibre, particularly virgin pulp, and is also facing the need to find a new source of fibre to strengthen and retain the quality of secondary fibres as the use of recycled paper is growing in Malaysia. As for the other wood-based Malaysian industries, further development of integration of downstream activities is highly promoted. The utilisation of wood waste is promoted through the emphasis on R&D and technology improvements. Meanwhile, more forest plantation projects are planned to ensure a sufficient and steady source of fibre supply in the long run. Other sources of supply are non-wood materials, such as oil palm residues; Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) are also presented as alternatives to wood fibre.
International audience ; In Central Africa, industrial investments in agriculture have been increasing for the last ten years, constituting one of the many drivers of deforestation. If these investments are to contribute to socioeconomic development without harming the environment,they need to be more effectively monitored.Analysing successes and failures in four Central African countries helps to identify ways to increase the chances of success for projects: carrying out independent impact assessments before projects are launched; obtaining the free, prior and informed consent of the communities concerned; and encouraging companies to meet certification criteria. The host governments should be able to take advantage of actions by people- and environment-friendly companies in order to create a virtuous circle, and should build agro-industrial projects around national land use plans. ; En Afrique centrale, les investissements industriels dans l'agriculture augmentent depuis une décennie, constituant l'un des multiples vecteurs de la déforestation. Pour que ces investissements bénéficient au développement socio-économique sans nuire à l'environnement, il est nécessaire de mieux les encadrer. L'analyse des réussites et des échecs dans quatre pays d'Afrique centrale permet de dégager des pistes pour accroître les chances de succès des projets : réaliser des études d'impact indépendantes avant le début du projet ; obtenir le consentement libre, informé et préalable des populations concernées ; inciter les entreprises à répondre aux critères de certification. Les États pourront s'appuyer sur des entre-prises respectueuses des hommes et de l'environnement afin de créer une dynamique vertueuse, et pourront ancrer les projets agro-industriels dans des plans d'aménagement du territoire national.
In Central Africa, industrial investments in agriculture have been increasing for the last ten years, constituting one of the many drivers of deforestation. If these investments are to contribute to socioeconomic development without harming the environment,they need to be more effectively monitored.Analysing successes and failures in four Central African countries helps to identify ways to increase the chances of success for projects: carrying out independent impact assessments before projects are launched; obtaining the free, prior and informed consent of the communities concerned; and encouraging companies to meet certification criteria. The host governments should be able to take advantage of actions by people- and environment-friendly companies in order to create a virtuous circle, and should build agro-industrial projects around national land use plans.
International audience ; In Central Africa, industrial investments in agriculture have been increasing for the last ten years, constituting one of the many drivers of deforestation. If these investments are to contribute to socioeconomic development without harming the environment,they need to be more effectively monitored.Analysing successes and failures in four Central African countries helps to identify ways to increase the chances of success for projects: carrying out independent impact assessments before projects are launched; obtaining the free, prior and informed consent of the communities concerned; and encouraging companies to meet certification criteria. The host governments should be able to take advantage of actions by people- and environment-friendly companies in order to create a virtuous circle, and should build agro-industrial projects around national land use plans. ; En Afrique centrale, les investissements industriels dans l'agriculture augmentent depuis une décennie, constituant l'un des multiples vecteurs de la déforestation. Pour que ces investissements bénéficient au développement socio-économique sans nuire à l'environnement, il est nécessaire de mieux les encadrer. L'analyse des réussites et des échecs dans quatre pays d'Afrique centrale permet de dégager des pistes pour accroître les chances de succès des projets : réaliser des études d'impact indépendantes avant le début du projet ; obtenir le consentement libre, informé et préalable des populations concernées ; inciter les entreprises à répondre aux critères de certification. Les États pourront s'appuyer sur des entre-prises respectueuses des hommes et de l'environnement afin de créer une dynamique vertueuse, et pourront ancrer les projets agro-industriels dans des plans d'aménagement du territoire national.
En Afrique centrale, les investissements industriels dans l'agriculture augmentent depuis une décennie, constituant l'un des multiples vecteurs de la déforestation. Pour que ces investissements bénéficient au développement socio-économique sans nuire à l'environnement, il est nécessaire de mieux les encadrer. L'analyse des réussites et des échecs dans quatre pays d'Afrique centrale permet de dégager des pistes pour accroître les chances de succès des projets : réaliser des études d'impact indépendantes avant le début du projet ; obtenir le consentement libre, informé et préalable des populations concernées ; inciter les entreprises à répondre aux critères de certification. Les États pourront s'appuyer sur des entreprises respectueuses des hommes et de l'environnement afin de créer une dynamique vertueuse, et pourront ancrer les projets agro-industriels dans des plans d'aménagement du territoire national.
Promoting tropical forest sustainability among corporate players is a major challenge. Many tools have been developed, but without much success. Southeast Asia has become a laboratory of globalization processes, where the development and success of agribusiness transnationals raises questions about their commitment to environmental concerns. An abundance of literature discusses what determines the behavior of Asian corporations, with a particular emphasis on cultural factors. Our hypothesis is that financial factors, such as ownership structure, may also have a fundamental role. We analyzed the audited accounts of four major Asian agribusiness transnationals. Using network analysis, we deciphered how the 931 companies relate to each other and determine the behavior of the transnationals to which they belong. We compared various metrics with the environmental commitment of these transnationals. We found that ownership structures reflect differences in flexibility, control and transaction costs, but not in ethnicities. Capital and its control, ownership structure, and flexibility explain 97% of the environmental behavior. It means that existing market-based tools to promote environmental sustainability do not engage transnationals at the scale where most of their behavior is determined. For the first time, the inner mechanisms of corporate governance are unraveled in agricultural and forest sustainability. New implications such as the convergence of environmental sustainability with family business sustainability emerged.
As the growing trade in timber and wood products increasing, it has gained more attention from the main supplier in increasing the export competitiveness of timber and related products. Therefore, countries with large forest resources have an advantage in maximizing the resources in fulfilling the world demand. Given performance of Malaysia on timber exports, this study is to provide the opportunities and benefits as well as challenges facing by Malaysian exporters to penetrate the global market. This paper analyses the pattern of Malaysian export on wood and forest products (excluding furniture) to European Union by estimating the revealed comparative advantage indices. This study uses revealed comparative advantage (RCA) framework developed by Balassa (1956) to examine the export competitiveness of Malaysian wood and forest products by using data from United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics from 1999-2006. The results explain the performance of Malaysian wood exports in competing with other exporters to Europe. Based on the findings, some policy in expanding the exports and increase the comparative advantage of Malaysian wood and forest products also drawn.
As the growing trade in timber and wood products increasing, it has gained more attention from the main supplier in increasing the export competitiveness of timber and related products. Therefore, countries with large forest resources have an advantage in maximizing the resources in fulfilling the world demand. Given performance of Malaysia on timber exports, this study is to provide the opportunities and benefits as well as challenges facing by Malaysian exporters to penetrate the global market. This paper analyses the pattern of Malaysian export on wood and forest products (excluding furniture) to European Union by estimating the revealed comparative advantage indices. This study uses revealed comparative advantage (RCA) framework developed by Balassa (1956) to examine the export competitiveness of Malaysian wood and forest products by using data from United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics from 1999-2006. The results explain the performance of Malaysian wood exports in competing with other exporters to Europe. Based on the findings, some policy in expanding the exports and increase the comparative advantage of Malaysian wood and forest products also drawn.
