Suchergebnisse

Le cas de la Sierra Leone a été cité ces dernières années pour les difficultés de l'application de l'accord de paix de Lomé signé le 7 juillet 1999 entre le gouvernement et le Front révolutionnaire unifié (Ruf), la mise en place d'une mission de maintien de la paix, la Minusil, et l'intervention britannique qui l'a sauvée du désastre. Aujourd'hui, la Sierra Leone est davantage évoquée pour l'expérience originale de justice et de réconciliation en cours.

Sierra Leone has singled out over the past years as a particular case with respect to difficulties in the application of the Lome Peace Accords, signed on July 7, 1999 between the government and the United Revolutionary Front (RUF); the installation of peace keeping forces (Minusil); and the British intervention that saved the country from disaster. Today, Sierra Leone is referred to for the originality of its experience in the process of justice and reconciliation, no underway. (Polit afr/DÜI)

In Latin America, labor markets have been the main channel through which growth has reduced poverty, with higher labor income accounting for 49 percent of the reduction in poverty in 2008–13. Understanding labor markets is critical to designing policies and programs aimed at reducing poverty. With close to 70 percent of the population under age 30 years, labor markets are bound to be central to defining Haiti's future. Yet, labor analysis in Haiti has been constrained by the dearth of data and the focus on measuring the impact of the 2010 earthquake. This present paper contributes to filling this gap by providing an overview of Haiti's labor markets and the determinants of labor income over a decade, focusing on growing urban areas. The paper also contributes to the research on Haiti in general, as well as labor markets in fragile countries such as Haiti, in particular through an unprecedented effort to harmonize three household surveys conducted between 2001 and 2012. Building on this exercise, the study provides new insights into the development of labor markets in a particularly turbulent decade for Haiti, one that was marked by the political crisis of 2004 and the earthquake of 2010. In spite of the earthquake, the analysis shows that Haiti's labor markets are characterized by continuity over the period. Somewhat surprisingly, the defining features remain overall unchanged in spite of the shock, pointing to heavy forces shaping economic and labor dynamics.

Do Sahelian countries face specific risks of water-related conflict Sahelian countries face growing fragility and climate challenges—especially those belonging to the Group of Five Sahel States (known as the G5 Sahel)—Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger. This study examines how their relation to water availability and irrigation infrastructure factors in. It documents that the G5 Sahel countries, given their high baseline water scarcity and state fragility, face a higher risk of conflict over water resources compared to the rest of Africa. This is demonstrated through empirical analyses using geospatial data and exploiting (i) climate-induced variation in water availability, and (ii) an event study analysis of conflict trends, which sharply increased post-2010 in the region following the Arab Spring and the rise of the Boko Haram. Irrigated areas are found to be important for buffering against weather shocks but are also more prone to targeting during conflict events compared to non-irrigated regions. The evidence suggests that this reflects increased competition for scarce (fertile) resources between state and rebel groups on this climate frontier with a well-documented history of agropastoral conflict. Other regions of Africa are not found to experience similar conflict related to water resources. These findings are especially pertinent for informing projects and policy interventions in fragile countries as post-COVID-19 recovery and climate action plans are rolled out.

Starting from the aggregate, this report first describes how Pernambuco has fared with respect to the rest of Brazil, both in terms of economic and social welfare performance, over the last decade (2001-2012). In a context of widespread economic growth, Pernambuco has done particularly well in recent years, similar to or above the national average. A key challenge concerns the longer-term, where – notwithstanding the positive performance of recent years-the same level of growth may not be as easily sustained. The solid economic performance has been reflected in an improvement of social indicators, also associated with the governments interiorizacao strategy, a policy developed explicitly to increase the coverage of public services in underserved areas, with a focus on the interior of the state. The decline in poverty rates displays a trajectory towards convergence with Brazil and recently, a faster than national decline of the Gini has brought Pernambucos income inequality below the national and Northeast level.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Chapter One: Unseen Threats and Unknown Costs -- Don't Count on Growing Out of It -- Ignorance Is Not Bliss -- How Much Does It Cost? -- Sunlight Is the Best Disinfectant -- Structure of the Report -- Notes -- References -- Chapter Two: Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise -- From Toilet to Tap: Water Quality and SDG 6.2 -- Nitrogen Pollution: Bread from Air or Toxic Plumes? -- Salt Pollution: A Pinch Too Much? -- Known Unknowns and a Shroud of Uncertainty -- Annex 2A: The Many Uncertainties of Arsenic Contamination in Drinking Water -- Notes -- References -- Chapter Three: Salt of the Earth -- Quantifying the Sensitivity of Agricultural Production to Salinity -- Implications for Food Security -- Toxic Water, Toxic Crops -- The Way Forward -- Notes -- References -- Chapter Four: Water Quality and Its Determinants -- Gasping for Air -- Global Assessment of the Drivers of Environmental Water Quality -- The Way Forward -- Notes -- References -- Chapter Five: Emerging Pollutants, Everlasting Concerns - Microplastics and Pharmaceuticals -- Profusion of Plastics -- Pharmafication of Water Supplies: A Prescription for Disaster -- Solutions Remain Elusive -- Notes -- References -- Chapter Six: Policies to Tame a Wicked Problem -- A Wicked Problem -- The Toolbox: Three Main Approaches -- Evidence of Policy Effectiveness -- The Prerequisites for Success -- The Way Forward -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1: Accounting for Streamflow -- Box 1.2: Estimating the Impact of Upstream Biological Oxygen Demand on Downstream Gross Domestic Product -- Box 1.3: Health Impacts of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water -- Box 2.1: Adverse Effects of Water Pollution: Irreversible Scars through Life -- Box 2.2: Nitrogen in Waters Runs Deep -- Box 2.3: Data for India.