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Night on Earth is a broad-ranging account of international humanitarian programs in Central and Eastern Europe, the Balkans and the Near East from 1918 to 1930. Davide Rodogno shows that international 'relief' and 'development' were intertwined long before the birth of the United Nations with humanitarians operating in a region devastated by war and famine and in which state sovereignty was deficient. Influenced by colonial motivations and ideologies these humanitarians attempted to reshape entire communities and nations through reconstruction and rehabilitation programmes. The book draws on the activities of a wide range of secular and religious organisations and philanthropic foundations in the US and Europe including the American Relief Administration, the American Red Cross, the Quakers, Save the Children, the Near East Relief, the American Women's Hospitals, the League of Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross.

"Against Massacre looks at the rise of humanitarian intervention in the nineteenth century, from the fall of Napoleon to the First World War. Examining the concept from a historical perspective, Davide Rodogno explores the understudied cases of European interventions and noninterventions in the Ottoman Empire and brings a new view to this international practice for the contemporary era. While it is commonly believed that humanitarian interventions are a fairly recent development, Rodogno demonstrates that almost two centuries ago an international community, under the aegis of certain European powers, claimed a moral and political right to intervene in other states' affairs to save strangers from massacre, atrocity, or extermination. On some occasions, these powers acted to protect fellow Christians when allegedly "uncivilized" states, like the Ottoman Empire, violated a "right to life." Exploring the political, legal, and moral status, as well as European perceptions, of the Ottoman Empire, Rodogno investigates the reasons that were put forward to exclude the Ottomans from the so-called Family of Nations. He considers the claims and mixed motives of intervening states for aiding humanity, the relationship between public outcry and state action or inaction, and the bias and selectiveness of governments and campaigners. An original account of humanitarian interventions some two centuries ago, Against Massacre investigates the varied consequences of European involvement in the Ottoman Empire and the lessons that can be learned for similar actions today"--Provided by publisher

"Against Massacre looks at the rise of humanitarian intervention in the nineteenth century, from the fall of Napoleon to the First World War. Examining the concept from a historical perspective, Davide Rodogno explores the understudied cases of European interventions and noninterventions in the Ottoman Empire and brings a new view to this international practice for the contemporary era. While it is commonly believed that humanitarian interventions are a fairly recent development, Rodogno demonstrates that almost two centuries ago an international community, under the aegis of certain European powers, claimed a moral and political right to intervene in other states' affairs to save strangers from massacre, atrocity, or extermination. On some occasions, these powers acted to protect fellow Christians when allegedly "uncivilized" states, like the Ottoman Empire, violated a "right to life." Exploring the political, legal, and moral status, as well as European perceptions, of the Ottoman Empire, Rodogno investigates the reasons that were put forward to exclude the Ottomans from the so-called Family of Nations. He considers the claims and mixed motives of intervening states for aiding humanity, the relationship between public outcry and state action or inaction, and the bias and selectiveness of governments and campaigners. An original account of humanitarian interventions some two centuries ago, Against Massacre investigates the varied consequences of European involvement in the Ottoman Empire and the lessons that can be learned for similar actions today"--Provided by publisher.

This article examines the history of international humanitarian relief from 1918 to 1920 with a focus on the American Red Cross (arc) in Jerusalem, during the period that eventually led to the establishment of the British mandate in Palestine. The analysis shows a discrepancy between the arc's projects and what it actually realised during its humanitarian operations. The mission's ambition clearly went beyond offering temporary shelter, blankets, clothing, some food and medical aid. It was a rehabilitation and construction mission. The results were unimpressive for a number of reasons that this article examines in detail.

This article offers a preliminary reflection on the origins of the concept & state practice of humanitarian intervention. The article proposes an ideal-type definition of this intervention, & challenges the idea that humanitarian intervention abruptly appeared as a specific kind of inter-state relation at the beginning of the 1990s. Nineteenth-century humanitarian intervention was the result of a distinctively European conception of human rights, of the characteristics of a given international system & international society. These interventions "on humanitarian grounds" occurred exclusively within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire; they were implemented by the European powers collectively; & they aimed at protecting Ottoman Christian minorities, victims of massive violations of the most basic human rights. Adapted from the source document.

Why did an anti-Semitic regime that harshly persecuted Italian and foreign Jews since 1938, refuse to hand over to its German ally thousands of foreign Jews living in the Italian occupied territories? The article refuses to refer to fascist policies as a 'rescue of the Jews' and to use the myth 'Italiani brava gente' as an explaining factor for this policy. Rather, it refers to the relations between the two Axis partners, to the broader context of fascist policies of occupation, and to the nature and aims of fascist anti-Semitism. It shows that the Jews not handed over to the Germans were an exception, and that other Jews were turned back or expelled.