Suchergebnisse

La derrota republicana en la guerra civil española generó una especie de «sentimiento de culpabilidad» en buena parte de la izquierda europea y estadounidense. Durante la II Guerra Mundial el interés del sindicalismo internacional por España no desapareció, pero quedó en un segundo plano. Tras la derrota de Hitler, el sindicalismo estadounidense impulsó numerosas campañas de ayuda a quienes luchaban contra la dictadura franquista, considerada vestigio del fascismo derrotado. Pero tal solidaridad trasatlántica se produjo en un contexto desfavorable. La politizada atmósfera de la guerra fría cercenó la acción exterior de los sindicatos estadounidenses. Algo que no siempre comprendieron sus homólogos europeos. Pese a ello, aquella ayuda del otro lado del Atlántico contribuyó a la supervivencia del sindicalismo antifranquista; fue importante para denunciar la represión franquista en distintos foros internacionales. En las páginas siguientes intento explicar los pormenores de lo sucedido en el período 1945-1975, contrastando documentación inédita de archivos estadounidenses con fuentes españolas. ; The Republican defeat in the Spanish Civil War generated a kind of "feeling of remorse" across much of the European and American left. During World War II, international unionism did not lose interest in Spain, but it was relegated in importance. After the defeat of Hitler, American unionism promoted numerous aid campaigns to support those who fought against the Franco dictatorship, which was considered a remaining vestige after the defeat of fascism elsewhere. But this Transatlantic solidarity took place in an adverse context. The politicized atmosphere of the Cold War hindered the foreign action of US unions, a circumstance which their European counterparts sometimes failed to understand. Nevertheless, support from the other side of the Atlantic contributed to the survival of anti-Franco trade unionism and was important in denouncing the repression exercised by the Franco regime in a number of international forums. The following pages seek to clarify what happened during the 1945-1975 period, comparing unpublished documentation from US archives with Spanish sources. ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España). Proyecto HAR2013-44849-P (I+D+i) ; peerReviewed

The Cold War also triggered a cultural battle between the Soviets and U.S. Americans. Both aimed to radiate their own social and cultural models, together with their own ideologies, in their rival's sphere of influence, and above all, to check the expansion of their opponent's values in their own sphere. The promotion and diffusion of U.S. or American Studies in the universities of the Western European block was part of that conflict. To date, little is known about the people who tried to improve European appreciation of U.S. History, Art, Literature or Political Science, or about the means they used. This article will also discuss more general issues of the cultural cold war, such as: When did the U.S. propaganda machine start to function? or Did the Soviet Union invest more in propaganda than the United States? ; Con el inicio de la Guerra Fría se desencadenó también una batalla cultural entre soviéticos y estadounidenses. El propósito de unos y otros fue irradiar sus respectivos modelos socio-culturales e ideologías en el campo rival y, sobre todo, frenar la expansión de los valores contrarios en el propio. La promoción y difusión de los Estudios Norteamericanos o American Studies en las universidades del bloque europeo occidental formó parte de aquel conflicto. Poco sabemos por el momento acerca de quién, o quiénes, y con qué medios intentaron que la Historia, el Arte, la Literatura o la Ciencia Política estadounidenses fuesen mejor conocidos por los ciudadanos del viejo continente. En las páginas que siguen pretendemos arrojar algo de luz sobre esos interrogantes. Simultáneamente y desde la perspectiva de lo sucedido en torno a los American Studies, se aportarán datos e indicios para la reflexión sobre cuestiones del contexto general de la Guerra Fría.

[ES] La dimensión cultural de la relación hispano-estadounidense durante el franquismo ha sido poco estudiada. Sin embargo, tuvo un papel importante e influyó notablemente en los aspectos políticos, militares, económicos, etc., de aquella conexión. Dentro de aquel ámbito, un episodio destacado fue el establecimiento del programa de cooperación e intercambio educativo y científico de becas Fulbright. Para gestionarlo se creó una comisión binacional. Pese a determinadas declaraciones iniciales de supuesta sintonía entre las partes, los agentes diplomáticos de Washington tenían unas expectativas y prioridades bastante diferentes de las que albergaban sus homólogos de Madrid. Las estadounidenses se centraron en potenciar la enseñanza del inglés y de los Estudios Norteamericanos, American Studies, en las universidades de nuestro país. Las españolas, en poder beber de los prestigiosos centros de conocimiento técnico y científico existentes en los Estados Unidos. Hemos analizado, tomando como ejemplo el caso de la Universidad de Salamanca, cuáles fueron los avatares sobre el terreno y en qué grado se cumplieron los objetivos específicos estadounidenses de que sus producciones humanísticas fueran entendidas y estudiadas en España. ; [EN] Cultural aspects of the Spanish-Northamerican relations during the Franco's regime have been scarcely studied. Nevertheless, they played an important role and influenced notably the political, military and economic aspects of that connection. Inside that context, an outstanding episode was the establishment of the Fulbright grants, a program of cooperation and of educational and scientific scholarship exchange. A binational commission was created in order to manage this project. Despite certain initial declarations of a supposed perfect understanding between the two parts, the diplomatic agents of Washington had quite different expectations and priorities from those that their counterparts of Madrid expressed. On the one hand, the Americans focused on promoting the teaching of English language and American Studies in spanish universities; on the other, the Spanish were centred on receiving knowledge and information from the prestigious scientific and technological centers and institutions existing in the United States. We have analyzed to what degree the specific (American) objective of spreading the study of American humanistic and artistic productions (American Studies) in Spain was fulfilled and which reactions provoked. We have cited the case of the University of Salamanca as an example.

The geopolitical context of what would later come to be called the "global village" made governments pay more attention to their external image and the public opinion of third-world countries. The previous emphasis on the development of military or economic alliances (hard power) was complemented with alternative views, other ways of connecting with different global societies (soft power). Relations between the United States and Spain did not escape this general dynamic. Here, we evaluate the extent to which this connection affected women's access to higher education in Spain. With the Residencia de Señoritas, there was a narrowing of the educational and cultural exchange relations between the two countries. After the abrupt cessation of the civil war, the establishment of the Fulbright program in the 1959-60 academic year allowed Spain to recover and to intensify the exchanges that had taken place since the beginning of the century. We will see what the fields of study in this prestigious exchange program were, and analyze to what extent the training received on the other side of the Atlantic facilitated the professional careers of the Spanish Fulbrigthers upon their return. ; El contexto geopolítico de lo que más tarde se llamaría la "aldea global" ha hecho que los gobiernos presten más atención a su imagen externa y a la opinión pública de los países del tercer mundo. El énfasis anterior en el desarrollo de alianzas militares o económicas (poder duro) se complementó con puntos de vista alternativos y otras formas de conectarse con diferentes sociedades globales (poder blando). Las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y España no escaparon a esta dinámica general. Aquí, evaluamos hasta qué punto esta conexión afectó al acceso de las mujeres a la educación superior en España. Con la Residencia de Señoritas, hubo un estrechamiento de las relaciones de intercambio educativo y cultural entre los dos países. Después del abrupto cese de la guerra civil, el establecimiento del programa Fulbright en el año académico 1959-60 permitió a España recuperar e intensificar los intercambios que habían tenido lugar desde principios de siglo. Veremos cuáles son los campos de estudio dentro de este prestigioso programa de intercambio y analizaremos hasta qué punto la capacitación recibida en el otro lado del Atlántico facilitó las carreras profesionales de los Fulbrigthers españoles a su regreso.

Instrumental in supporting the agricultural reforms enacted during the Second Republic, the regulations on compulsory cultivation and the Rural Police Commission exhibited both positives and negatives. This article reveals details of events related to this Commission in the town of Santa Marta, in the province of Badajoz. The full minutes of the executive meetings of this organisation have been preserved in the Municipal Archives, a rather exceptional circumstance as in most cases they have entirely disappeared. Up until now, historiography has been silent on many aspects of the Rural Police Commission, such as its constitution, its relationship with the political life of the period, the kind of agricultural plantations that its mandate covered, the effectiveness of its actions, the reactions and hopes it awakened among owners and workers, etc. We try to address these matters by cross-referencing the aforementioned local documentation with the national legal corpus on rural police institutions. The analysis is completed by comparing the evidence in this case with data from institutional economics. ; Con sus luces y sus sombras, la normativa de laboreo forzoso y la Comisión de Policía Rural fueron piezas clave paralelas a la reforma agraria de la Segunda República. Este artículo analiza lo sucedido en torno a esa Comisión en un pueblo de Badajoz, Santa Marta, en cuyos Archivos Municipales aparecieron las actas íntegras de dicho organismo. Se trata de una circunstancia bastante excepcional, puesto que en la mayoría de los casos han desaparecido. Así las cosas y a día de hoy, la historiografía guarda silencio sobre muchos aspectos de su constitución, su vinculación con la vida política del período, el tipo de fincas que se vieron inmersas en sus pesquisas, su eficiencia, las reacciones y esperanzas que desató. Trataremos de aclarar estos interrogantes, cruzando la documentación local mencionada con la escasa bibliografía existente sobre este tema y el corpus legal donde se menciona. Un análisis que concluirá tratando de cruzar la evidencia del caso con la economía institucional.

AbstractThe United States' support for the Franco dictatorship, along with British dominion over Gibraltar, caused an increasing sense of frustration towards the United States and United Kingdom amongst broad sectors of the Spanish public during the 1960s and 1970s. Growing resentment towards the Anglo-American presence in Spain threatened to jeopardise the geopolitical objectives of these two governments given the strategic importance of the Iberian Peninsula in the Cold War. Both the Americans and the British identified the promotion of the English language as a cultural tool to develop empathy amongst those Spaniards who would drive forward the eventual transition to a post-Franco era. This 'soft power' strategy fit perfectly with the pro-modernisation efforts taking place in several parts of the world. English teaching did not serve as a magic potion, however. Cultural seduction was not a cure-all to right the wrongs inflicted by the Anglo-American geostrategic priorities. This article explores the benefits and limitations of English language promotion in Franco's Spain and reflects on the ability of 'soft power' to influence what was a rather hostile hard-power context.

"This book seeks to address U.S. public diplomacy strategies in Latin America, of particular importance during the 1960s when the leadership of the United States had been questioned after the Cuban revolution. The implicit mandate was "No more Cubas" so that what happened in the Caribbean country would not spread to other countries. The actions of the United States towards its southern neighbors in the first half of the twentieth century are quite well known. In contrast, Latin American scenarios of the Cultural Cold War have remained relatively less well known. The contributors and editors of this volume examine various facets and means of action used by the "U.S. machinery of persuasion" with the aim of disseminating the virtues of its socioeconomic and political model, including both public and private efforts, and the significance of nonstate actors. Subjects examined include the impact of the theory of modernization, anti-Americanism, the deployment of public diplomacy in the region, the activities of the Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Rockefeller Foundation, and the influence of these efforts on sporting, artistic, and musical events. This volume will be value to students and scholars alike interested in Latin American history and history of the Americas"--

"The process of democratization has been a recurring feature of contemporary international affairs. This book will examine another major case of transition to democracy, that of post-Franco Spain, and consider the extent to which the efforts of the United States in nurturing that transition paid off"--

Con motivo de los cincuenta años del asesinato del general Humberto Delgado y su compañera Arajaryr Campos, en mafzo de 2015 se celebró en Badajoz, un congreso de historia sobre uno de los miembros más destacados de la oposición a la dictadura portuguesa, víctima en tierras españolas de un crimen de estado urdido por la policía política de Salazar. Entre los participantes de estas intensas jornadas de reflexión y debate se contaron algunos de los mayoles expertos en la historia de ias dictaduras ibéricas, de las relaciones entre ellas, y de la propia figura de Humberto Delgado. La calidad de las presentaciones animó a los organizadores del congreso a hacerlas accesibles a un amplio público, resultando la publicación que el lector tiene ahora en sus manos. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In the 1960s and 1970s, the educational systems in Spain and Latin America underwent comprehensive and ambitious reforms that took place amid a "revolution of expectations" arising from decolonization, global student protests, and the antagonism between capitalist and communist models of development. Deploying new archival research and innovative perspectives, the contributions to this volume examine the influence of transnational forces during the cultural Cold War. They shed new light on the roles played by the United States, non-state actors, international organizations and theories of modernization and human capital in educational reform efforts in the developing Hispanic world