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Industrial processes require periodic evaluations to verify their normal operation, as much in economical as in technical terms. These evaluations are necessary due to changes in markets, safety and environmental legislation. It is necessary to satisfy these demands in order to investigate process alternatives that allow the optimal use of existing resources with the possible minimum investment. One way to make this task is by means of retrofit.The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for retrofit of chemical processes based on hierarchical representations. The concepts involved in the methodology are,- The application in inverse manner of hierarchical procedure for conceptual design of Douglas [Douglas, 1988]- The representation of processes by means of generic block diagrams from Turton [Turton et al., 1998].- The structure of knowledge based systems (knowledge base, inference machine and user interface) [Han et al., 1996].The proposed methodology has learning from retrofit, design, synthesis and analysis of processes, so that it was managed to design and implement support tools for retrofit of processes. Knowledge from computer science area in addition to knowledge from chemical engineering were applied in order to develop a knowledge-based system by using computational algorithms from communication, visualization and artificial intelligence techniques.The methodology consists of four general steps,1. Data extraction. Information of chemical process is extracted from an initial representation.2. Analysis and representation of information. Extracted information is abstracted at several levels based on a set of hierarchical functions, precedence rules and user information.3. Generation of alternatives. The alternatives are generated based on the new speci ; Los procesos industriales en operación deben ser evaluados periódicamente para satisfacer las demandas económicas (coste de producción, eficiencia, etc.) y medioambientales (disminución de emisiones atmosféricas, residuos, etc.) a las que se ven sometidos. Una de las formas de hacer esta tarea es mediante el retrofit.El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar una metodología para el retrofit de procesos químicos basada en representaciones jerárquicas para hacer mas eficiente y menos costosa la evaluación de nuevas condiciones de operación.La metodología se fundamenta en:- La aplicación de manera inversa del procedimiento de diseño jerárquico de Douglas [Douglas, 1988].- La representación de procesos mediante diagramas de bloques genéricos de Turton [Turton et al., 1998].- La estructura básica de los sistemas basados en conocimientos (base de conocimiento, motor de inferencia e interfaz de usuario) [Han et al., 1996].La metodología que se planteo para el retrofit de proceso integra conocimientos relacionados con el retrofit, diseño, síntesis y análisis de procesos, de forma que se logró diseñar e implementar herramientas informáticas de apoyo al retrofit de procesos. Además de los conocimientos de ingeniería química antes mencionados, se incorporaron conocimientos del área de ingeniería informática para desarrollar un sistema basado en conocimientos utilizando algoritmos computacionales de comunicación, visualización y técnicas de inteligencia artificial.La metodología consiste de cuatro etapas generales:1. Extracción de la información.2. Análisis y representación de la información.3. Generación de alternativas de solución.4. Adaptación y evaluación de alternativas de solución.La metodología se implementó en un Sistema Basado en Conocimientos (SBC).El SBC está formado p

This study deals with the logic of the decissions in the genesis and the development of educational policies, having a significant referential axis in our context: the beginning and progressive articulation of the Galician University System. We analyze the technical, ethical, and political decissions, as well as the pertinent decissional scopes. In coherence with our prerequisites of thinking, we pay special attention to the planning and drawing of the studied case. We conclude affirming that it is in the planning context where the decissional logic acquire all its relevance and it is manifested in all its problematic lenght; being also there where most of the professional knowledge about the referred matter are showed to the pedagogue, or educator in a professional sense.

This article is engaged in upholding the appropiate place for decision in Educational Politics and Policy. All that inside the knowledge of Education. Political decision making in the educational arena has got a place between technical decisions and moral decisions. The one has increased its relevance in educational forum. On the other point of view, this kind of decision must not be understood as a result of the discipline «Politics of Education» or as a consequence of practical theories which are known like «Politica Pedagógica» (Pedagogy into Politics). Decisions in educational policy apply knowledge of Education but they are not made only with pedagogical facts and technical decisions. It's posible to think of technical decisions as the ones which come not only from the process, but from the knowledge of the process in its own. Pedagogy as a discipline of education let you make technical decisions. Upper these ones, we find the moral decision. To study the special characteristics of political decisions shows two big mistakes into the controversy «Science-Moral- Politics»: scientism and moral subsunction of Political decision in that. In the last pages, this work goes beyond the causal relation between «meansends ». The authors suggest, for the field of goals, to make subsystem levels for decision making, in stead of ubing the taylorist model in order to organize beveral stages of goals ; SI

Analizamos la relación entre desarrollo, calidad de la educación y nuevas tecnologías en la Sociedad de la Información, propugnando el reconocimiento del acceso a las redes como un derecho social.Estas tecnologías afectan a la escuela, modificando su organización y el entorno educativo, ampliando las posibilidades del sistema. El reto es la transformación de la información en conocimiento y éste en aprendizaje significativo. Las Nuevas Tecnologías plantean problemas categorizables en tres grupos: accesibilidad a los nuevos medios; receptividad derivada de la implantación y uso de los medios; flexibilidad derivada de las nuevas condiciones de uso del tiempo, espacio e información. Estos problemas inciden en los contenidos básicos de libertad de enseñanza, democratización, autonomía escolar y descentralización. ; We analyse the relationship between development, quality of education and new technologies within the Information Society, and we propose that the access to the Net is to be recognised as a social right. These technologies have an influence in schools, modifying its organisation and its social environment, and widening the system possibilities. The challenge is the transformation of the information in knowledge and this in meaningful learning. The New Technologies pose problems which can be categorised in three groups: accessibility to the mass media; receptivity derived from the implantation and use of the mass media; flexibility derived from the new conditions of the use of time, space and information. These problems affect the basic contends of freedom in teaching, democratisation, school autonomy and decentralisation.

En este trabajo nuestra intención es profundizar en la lógica de las decisiones que informan la génesis y el desarrollo de políticas educativas. En nuestro caso, el eje referencial no ha sido otro que el comienzo y posterior articulación de lo que hoy se denomina Sistema Universitario de Galicia, toda vez que la dinámica imprimida para desarrollar el sistema que nos ocupa no habría sido posible sin el conocimiento de principios básicos de planificación educativa y de estrategias eficaces para su delineamiento en las circunstancias específicas del contexto gallego. Tal planificación ha tenido en cuenta no sólo el conocimiento de la educación susceptible de ser aplicado al caso, sino también la realidad territorial, social, educativa y cultural del país gallego, considerando en todo caso lo postulados y derivaciones inherentes a una triple racionalidad: sistémica, socio-económica y académico-organizativa ; This study deals with the logic of the decissions in the genesis and the development of educational policies, having a significant referential axis in our context: the beginning and progressive articulation of the Galician University System. We analyze the technical, ethical, and political decissions, as well as the pertinent decissional scopes. In coherence with our prerequisites of thinking, we pay special attention to the planning and drawing of the studied case. We conclude affirming that it is in the planning context where the decissional log¡c acquire all its relevance and it is manifested in all its problematic lenght; being also there where most of the professional knowledge about the referred matter are showed to the pedagogue, or educator in a professional sense ; SI

Eating disorders are a growing societal problem, especially among young people. This study aims to determine the individual and social factors that support and perpetuate the risk of eating disorders (ED) and their possible consequences on an individual's athletic and academic performances. The sample consisted of 395 athletes between 12 and 16 years of age (M = 14.07; SD = 1.35), of whom 142 (35.9%) were female, and 253 (64.1%) were male. A questionnaire was administered to collect information on sociodemographic data, body image, use of social networks, social relationships, sports practice, risk of developing ED, and academic and sports performance. In the resulting analysis, an initial cross-tabulation was carried out to observe the body distortion of the respondents as a function of BMI, followed by a linear regression to analyze the factors influencing the risk of suffering from ED. In addition, correlations were made to determine the relationship between the risk of manifesting ED and academic and sports performance. The main results show that 77.7% of the young athletes present a risk of ED (M = 13.3; DT = 3.33) due to a high body image distortion, which becomes the determining factor. In addition, relationships with family and friends have a significant influence on this. On the other hand, behaviors related with eating disorders affect concentration (r = −0.122; p = 0.01) and fatigue (r = −0.376; p < 0.01). For all these reasons, generating and promoting prevention and early detection guidelines during adolescence is necessary.