Suchergebnisse

.la jurisprudencia norteamericana acerca de la libertad de expresión, especialmente cuando esta se refiere al discurso ofensivo y a la defensa del derecho de personas que lo usan en detrimento de otros. Se llama a rebalancear la libertad de expresión y la igual dignidad de los seres humanos; valores que son recíprocos y complementarios. Así, se busca dejar de lado el "absolutismo" de la libertad de expresión que prima en EEUU, ya que si bien la libertad de expresión es relevante para la existencia de una democracia robusta, ella no protege la libertad de grupos usualmente marginados que pueden ser heridos y atemorizados por cierta clase de expresiones. Por esto, los autores creen que reprimir estos discursos es constitucional y moralmente correcto.

This work analyzes the debate surrounding the conceptualization of the link between platforms and those who work on them in the comparative law. In this sense, this paper classifies the kind of platforms and their relevance; explain the different forms of analysis; review the American and European case law, and summarizes the Chilean situation. In the end, it is not intended to conclude the debate, but to encourage the Legislative action, which, in my view, must overcome the current labor law categories. or at the very least, contribute to giving certainty and clarity to the debate. ; Este artículo muestra el actual debate para calificar el vínculo entre plataformas digitales y quienes prestan sus servicios en ellas en el derecho comparado. Se definen las clases de plataformas y su relevancia; se explican las formas de analizar el problema; se analiza el debate en la jurisprudencia norteamericana y europea, y el estado del tema en Chile. Finalmente, se comenta la reforma legal introducida en nuestro país por la Ley 21.431 y se concluye que, pese a sus buenas intenciones, se separa del análisis existente en el derecho comparado chileno, y resulta en una carga regulatoria excesiva para la economía bajo demanda en Chile.

To understand intersectoral collaboration for sustainable development it is vital to first understand the political framework in which these collaborations may occur, taking into account that some systems are more suitable than others. In particular, the "relational" model of the welfare state must be considered to understand why and how collaboration for sustainable development occurs. These external circumstances have not been studied sufficiently in the literature, which has generally focused on internal aspects such as the alignment of organizations and the mechanisms of the relationships, or on elements of global governance, leaving to one side the characteristic structures of national governance. ; Para entender las colaboraciones intersectoriales para el desarrollo sostenible es preciso comprender, en primer lugar, el marco de gobernanza política en el que estas colaboraciones se pueden desarrollar, considerando que hay marcos que las favorecen más que otros. En particular, el modelo de Estado de Bienestar en su configuración "relacional" debe tenerse en cuenta para comprender el porqué y el cómo de las colaboraciones para el desarrollo sostenible. Estas circunstancias externas no han sido lo suficientemente estudiadas en la literatura que normalmente se ha centrado en aspectos internos como el alineamiento entre las organizaciones y los mecanismos de la relación, o en elementos de gobernanza global, dejando de lado las estructuras características de la gobernanza nacional. ; Para entender as colaborações intersetoriais para o desenvolvimento sustentável é preciso compreender, em primeiro lugar, o marco de governança política no qual estas colaborações podem se desenvolver, considerando que há marcos que as favorecem mais do que outros. Particularmente, o modelo de estado de bem-estar na sua configuração "relacional" deve ser levado em conta para entender o porquê e o como das colaborações para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Estas circunstâncias externas não têm sido estudadas o suficiente na literatura que, normalmente, tem se focado em aspectos internos como o alinhamento entre as organizações e os mecanismos da relação, o em elementos de governança global, deixando de lado as estruturas características da governança nacional.

ABSTRACT Governments face a tough and timeless challenge: dealing with the capability of radical terrorist organizations to recruit foreign fighters. However, scholars so far have ignored that this phenomenon pertains to the realm of complexity theory, failing to determine the combination of country-level variables able to catalyze this issue. This is an important concern if countries want to design effective socio-political strategies aimed at decreasing terrorist groups' capability to enroll foreign fighters or, at least, to curtail the penetration of their radical message. Thus, to address this issue we undertake an exploratory data mining approach (knowledge discovery in databases) to discover country-level patterns which might engender conditions that induce people to join an extremist organization, based on the case of ISIS. After a pre-selection procedure, the 950 variables initially selected were reduced to 22, and subsequently used in decision tree algorithms. Findings reveal the existence of six specific country clusters, which are characterized by some spatial, structural (economic and political), and social variables that create favorable conditions for the emergence of the phenomenon. Academic and practical recommendations are then discussed.

Among others, expression levels of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) have been explored as biomarkers of the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy. Here, we present the results of a chemical screen that interrogated how medically approved drugs influence PD-L1 expression. As expected, corticosteroids and inhibitors of Janus kinases were among the top PD-L1 downregulators. In addition, we identified that PD-L1 expression is induced by antiestrogenic compounds. Transcriptomic analyses indicate that chronic estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) inhibition triggers a broad immunosuppressive program in ER-positive breast cancer cells, which is subsequent to their growth arrest and involves the activation of multiple immune checkpoints together with the silencing of the antigen-presenting machinery. Accordingly, estrogen-deprived MCF7 cells are resistant to T-cell-mediated cell killing, in a manner that is independent of PD-L1, but which is reverted by estradiol. Our study reveals that while antiestrogen therapies efficiently limit the growth of ER-positive breast cancer cells, they concomitantly trigger a transcriptional program that favors their immune evasion. ; We would want to thank Andres J Lopez-Contreras for insightful comments on the manuscript, Hana Imrichova for help with GSEAs, and the core facility at NEO, BEA, Bioinformatics and Expression Analysis, which is supported by the board of research at the Karolinska Institute and the research committee at the Karolinska Hospital. Research was funded by grants from the Cancerfonden Foundation (CAN 2018/381) and the Swedish Research Council (VR) (538-2014-31) to OF and from the ISCIII (AES-PI16/00354; cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund) and from the Call for Coordinated Research Groups from Madrid Region, Madrid Regional Government-ERDF Funds (B2017/BMD3733) to MQ-F. This research was supported by Consejería de Sanidad, Comunidad de Madrid. ; Sí