Suchergebnisse

A formação de oficiais de polícia angolanos, no âmbito dos diversos programas de cooperação em curso nesta área, concorre para a construção de um modelo de polícia original angolano. O final da guerra, associado ao desenvolvimento de estruturas de formação no país, bem como à elaboração de políticas públicas favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da polícia nacional, conduzem à consolidação de um modelo híbrido, fruto das múltiplas influências. Este modelo, contudo, incorpora progressivamente orientações mais democráticas. Este artigo analisa estas transformações tendo como base dados recolhidos em Angola no âmbito de uma pesquisa mais alargada sobre o contexto da cooperação internacional na área da formação de oficiais.

ABSTRACTSanta Clara, on Angola's southern border with Namibia, is now a very dynamic urban hub, both economically and socially. It stands out in the remote province of Cunene, recording greater growth in the last five years than the provincial capital, Ondjiva. Its recent transformation into a thriving trading centre was mostly due to massive migration and an intensification of trade between Angola and Namibia at the beginning of this century, although the region's history in the last hundred years is a very different one. While local traders and entrepreneurs have developed their own strategies within this context, national and local administrative structures of the recently pacified country are trying to regulate trading and settlement. These forces in action produce both more sustainable and organised urban growth and at the same time influence social and economic development in the region. The main boom seems to be over, due to relatively successful regulation, which makes the region less attractive to business activity. Traders and entrepreneurs operating locally now have to find new strategies and opportunities. This article, based on empirical research and combined surveys, conducts an analysis of these dynamics and contributes to an understanding of regulation impacts, the way in which local traders cope with them, and the strategies they have developed.

Generic drugs are currently sold all over European union presenting a much more appealing price than their corresponding pharmaceutical drugs from other brands, which frequently influence the consumer regarding the choice of the drug brand. The lower prices are mostly due to the fact that the legislation applied to the generic drugs is currently simplified comparatively to the respective reference pharmaceutical drugs legislation, allowing that the pharmaceutical industry produce generic drugs at a lower cost. In order to reduce production costs even more, are often use different excipients and raw materials that sometimes present lower quality and may contain in their matrix several contaminants considered dangerous. In addition, there are several reported cases of incidents with generic drugs and generic pharmaceutical products with different side effects compared to their reference products, which raises many doubts and lack of trust in this type of pharmaceutical products both by health professionals and users. The aim of this dissertation is the acknowledgement of the studies published about the topic mentioned above, specifically, the determination and quantification of elemental impurities present in pharmaceutical drugs. It is also presented to validate the quantification method of manganese, chromium and cooper in pharmaceutical drugs, as well as, the determination and comparison of elemental impurities in both generic and respective reference pharmaceutical drugs. ; Atualmente são comercializados em toda a união europeia medicamentos genéricos a um preço muito mais apelativo que os seus equivalentes de marca sendo este fator muitas vezes decisivo na escolha da marca do medicamento. No entanto, o facto da legislação referente aos genéricos estar atualmente facilitada em relação aos respetivos medicamentos de referência permite a produção de medicamentos genéricos com um custo mais baixo. Para isso, as farmacêuticas recorrem frequentemente a diferentes matérias primas e excipientes, por vezes, de menor ...