Suchergebnisse

The existence of several ethnic, religious and/or linguistic groups whose rights are not acknowledged or are continuously violated leads to tension with unpredictable consequences. If, in some cases, those groups use peaceful means to ensure that their specificities are acknowledged but, in other cases, there is frequent use of force to attain the same goals. This type of conflict occurred in the western Balkans in the 1990s or still take place in regions such as the Caucasus, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria or Myanmar in which the ethnic element, together with the religious issue, are the main causes. Though it is true that several solutions have been presented to respond to the tensions inherent to ethnic diversity of multinational States, it is also true that the several theoretical practical models have not always met the objectives and, above all, resolved situations of peace, which are often of negative peace. From minority rights to federalism, we may identify principles whose importance and adequacy to contexts may be defined as formal peace. Nevertheless, it remains important to include and frame those elements within specific cases, considering that each case is different and adapting these principles to a specific situation does not prevent them from being inadequate to a situation apparently similar. It is therefore crucial that considerations are raised on the role a political and administrative organization model such as federalism may play, partly as a complement to the law of minorities as a tool to manage ethnic diversity in States that may be defined as multinational, as well as to prevent ethnic conflicts.

O trabalho exposto a seguir se dispõe a examinar o caráter ambíguo das identidades segundo as análises do filósofo francês Étienne Balibar. O texto irá se concentrar em suas obras a partir do final da década de oitenta, aonde ocorre um distanciamento do círculo formado em torno de Althusser e uma aproximação às filosofias da diferença de Foucault, Deleuze e Derrida. Buscaremos explicitar como o autor, mediante o prisma marxista do conflito de classes, irá denunciar o escalonamento dos indivíduos de modo hierárquico dentro da economia-mundo capitalista mediante múltiplos processos identitários, que respeitam uma lógica de manutenção da estrutura social internacional existente. O pano de fundo de tais análises são os crescentes movimentos xenófobos e neo-fascistas na Europa hodierna como reação à uma profunda crise do Estado-Nação, de suas instituições e da fragmentação de comunidades idealmente estabelecidas. ; The work exposed hereafter intends to examine the ambiguous character of identities according to the analyses of the French philosopher Étienne Balibar. The text will focus on his works from the late eighties, where there is a distancing from the circle formed around Althusser and an approach to the philosophies of difference of Foucault, Deleuze and Derrida. We will seek to explain how the author, through the prism of Marxist class conflicts, will denounce the echelonment process of individuals in a hierarchical fashion within the capitalist world-economy based on multiple identity processes which respect the logic of maintaining the existing international social structure. The background of such analyses is the rise of xenophobic and neo-fascists movements which have not ceased to increase in today's Europe as a reaction to a profound crisis of the nation-state, its institutions and the fragmentation of ideally established communities.