Suchergebnisse

In 2007, the Brazilian government implemented the Growth Acceleration of Program (PAC), with the objective of encouraging Brazil's economic growth, with investments in the areas of sanitation, housing, transportation, energy and water resources. This program, in its first phase (2007-2010), contributed in a decisive way to the increase in the supply of jobs and in the generation of income in Brazil. However, according to "Instituto Trata Brasil" 86% of the sanitary sewage works from the PAC were paralyzed, or delayed or not started until December 2012. Also, in 2008 and 2009, through the special edition of the Inspection Program by Public Sweepstakes, the Federal Comptroller General's Office found several irregularities in 110 Brazilian municipalities covered with PAC funds. In this context, the objective of the study was to analyze the irregularities verified by the CGU, in the application of the federal resources destined to the sanitation and housing areas of the Brazilian municipalities through the first stage of the PAC. The main source of data for the survey were CGU's reports from the PAC and Census 2000 data, made available by IBGE. The techniques of Content analysis were used to classify the irregularities, verified by the CGU, in active waste (corruption) and passive (mismanagement). The Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the profile of irregularities and the municipalities audited. It was observed that the most frequent wastes in the municipalities audited are those classified as Overbilling and Fraudulent Bidding (classified as active waste); and "Bad Administration" and "Irregular Bidding", in the form of passive waste. ; Em 2007, o governo brasileiro implementou o Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), com o objetivo de incentivar o crescimento econômico do Brasil e investimentos nas áreas de saneamento, habitação, transporte, energia e recursos hídricos. Tal programa, em sua primeira etapa (2007-2010), contribuiu de modo determinante para o aumento da oferta de empregos e da geração de renda no Brasil. No entanto, de acordo com Instituto Trata Brasil, 86% das obras de esgotamento sanitário provenientes do PAC estavam paralisadas, atrasadas ou não iniciadas até dezembro de 2012. Ainda, em 2008 e 2009, por meio da edição especial do Programa de Fiscalização por Sorteios Públicos, a Controladoria Geral da União (CGU) constatou diversas irregularidades em 110 municípios brasileiros contemplados com recursos do PAC. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar as irregularidades constatadas pela CGU, na aplicação dos recursos federais destinados às áreas de saneamento e habitação dos municípios brasileiros por meio da primeira etapa do PAC. A principal fonte de dados da pesquisa foram os relatórios dos auditores da CGU advindos do PAC e dados do Censo 2000, disponibilizados pelo IBGE. Técnicas de análise de conteúdo foram utilizadas para classificar as irregularidades constatadas pela CGU em desperdício ativo (corrupção) e passivo (má gestão) e estatísticas descritivas para analisar o perfil das irregularidades e dos municípios auditados. Observou-se que os desperdícios mais frequentes nos municípios auditados são os classificados como Superfaturamento e Licitação Fraudada (classificados como desperdício ativo) e Má Administração e Licitação Irregular, na modalidade de desperdício passivo.

O artigo apresenta o estudo a partir do mapeamento da repercussão no Twitter em torno de casos de assassinato de pessoas negras por forças de segurança do Estado – #80Tiros (Brasil) e George Floyd (EUA). Recorrendo à Análise de Redes Sociais, o intuito foi identificar grupos formados nas redes e as práticas discursivas acionadas, em especial, de marcadores característicos da branquitude. No comparativo entre as redes, ambas apresentam grafos direcionados e nós poucos conectados, mas se diferenciam na métrica de diâmetro: Mineápolis com 5 e #80tiros com 3, ou seja, o primeiro com clusters mais distantes. Em termos dos discursos fomentados, é marcante a denúncia de violência deliberada contra cidadãos negros e a postura de relativização da gravidade e da responsabilidade por parte do Estado nos dois episódios.

ABSTRACT This research verifies the relationship between the lack of action of the FUNDEB Monitoring and Social Control Councils with the indicators of active waste (corruption) and liabilities (mismanagement). The main sources of data used were CGU's audit reports and the websites of FNDE, IBGE and UNDP. The sample is composed of 173 municipalities supervised by the auditors of the CGU, drawn in the 38th, 39th and 40th public draws. The methodological strategies used were the content analysis and the regression for count-data, based on the negative binomial model by maximum likelihood. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between the lack of action of the FUNDEB Monitoring and Social Control Council and the waste of public resources allocated to basic education related to poor management. This result has a general implication in evaluating the effectiveness of the FUNDEB Control Council's audit function, in accordance with its attributions established by the government's policies and norms.

This research verifies the relationship between the lack of action of the FUNDEB Monitoring and Social Control Councils with the indicators of active waste (corruption) and liabilities (mismanagement). The main sources of data used were CGU's audit reports and the websites of FNDE, IBGE and UNDP. The sample is composed of 173 municipalities supervised by the auditors of the CGU, drawn in the 38th, 39th and 40th public draws. The methodological strategies used were the content analysis and the regression for count-data, based on the negative binomial model by maximum likelihood. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between the lack of action of the FUNDEB Monitoring and Social Control Council and the waste of public resources allocated to basic education related to poor management. This result has a general implication in evaluating the effectiveness of the FUNDEB Control Council's audit function, in accordance with its attributions established by the government's policies and norms. ; Esta pesquisa verifica qual é a relação entre ausência de atuação dos Conselhos de Acompanhamento e Controle Social do FUNDEB com os indicadores de desperdícios ativos (corrupção) e passivos (má gestão). As principais fontes de dados usadas foram os relatórios de fiscalização dos auditores da CGU e os sites do FNDE, IBGE e PNUD. A amostra é composta de 173 municípios fiscalizados pelos auditores da CGU, sorteados nos 38º, 39º e 40º sorteios públicos. As estratégias metodológicas utilizadas foram a análise de conteúdo e a regressão para dados de contagem, com base no modelo binomial negativo por máxima verossimilhança. Os resultados indicaram uma relação positiva e significativa entre a ausência de atuação do Conselho de Acompanhamento e Controle Social do FUNDEB com os desperdícios dos recursos públicos destinados à educação básica referentes à má gestão. Esse resultado tem implicação geral para avaliação da efetiva atuação fiscalizadora do Conselho do FUNDEB, conforme suas atribuições estabelecidas pelas ...

This research analyzes the socioeconomic and political factors that influence the occurrence of corruption and mismanagement in public spending on basic education in Brazilian municipalities. Th e sources of data were the inspection reports of the Comptroller General of the Union during 2011 to 2015; and the websites of the Federation of Industries of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, the Superior Electoral Court, and the National Treasury Secretariat. Th e data analysis adopted descriptive procedures and binomial negative regression. Overall, the results indicate that the possibility of reelection of the mayor and the performance of municipal councils affected the incidence of corruption. In turn, an occurrence of mismanagement shows a significant relationship with the voter's profile and the performance of municipal councils. Th ese findings highlighted the relevance of municipal councils as an instrument for monitoring and supervising public spending on basic education of Brazilian municipalities. ; El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los factores socioeconómicos y políticos que influenciaron el surgimiento de corrupción y de mala gestión de los gastos en enseñanza básica en los municipios brasileños. Las fuentes de datos utilizadas fueron los informes de las fiscalizaciones realizadas por la Contraloría General de la Unión entre los años 2011 a 2015; y los sitios web de la Federación de las Industrias del Estado de Rio de Janeiro, del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística, del Tribunal Superior Electoral y de la Secretaria del Tesoro Nacional. Para el análisis de los datos se realizaron procedimientos descriptivos y la regresión binomial negativo. En general, los resultados indicaron que la posibilidad de reelección del alcalde y el desempeño de los consejos municipales afectaron significativamente la incidencia de la corrupción. A su vez, la mala gestión mostro una relación significativa con el perfil del votante y el desempeño de los consejos municipales. Estos hallazgos destacan la relevancia de los consejos municipales como instrumento de seguimiento y fiscalización de la aplicación de los recursos públicosdestinados a la enseñanza básica de los municipios brasileños. ; O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os fatores socioeconômicos e políticos que influenciaram a ocorrência de corrupção e má gestão nos gastos com o ensino básico nos municípios brasileiros. As fontes de dados usadas foram os relatórios das fiscalizações realizadas pela Controladoria-Geral da União (CGU) de 2011 a 2015 e os websites da Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) e da Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional (STN). Os dados foram analisados por meio de procedimentos descritivos e regressão Binomial Negativo. De modo geral, os resultados indicaram que a possibilidade de reeleição do prefeito e a atuação dos conselhos municipais afetaram significativamente a incidência de corrupção. Por sua vez, a ocorrência de má gestão apresentou relação significativa com o perfil do eleitor e atuação dos conselhos municipais. Esses achados destacam a relevância dos conselhos municipais como instrumentos de acompanhamento e fiscalização da aplicação dos recursos públicos destinados ao ensino básico nos municípios brasileiros.

In Brazil, orchid cultivation has been increasing steadily over the last few years and contributing significantly to the economy. It has been reported that several vegetable crops and ornamentals have been successfully grown by soilless cultivation. The orchid Oncidium baueri Lindl. is grown on pot substrates. Nevertheless, hydroponics is an excellent alternative, especially for the production of cut flowers and bare root plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of Oncidium baueri on two soilless systems: (a) pots containing Amafibra® coconut fiber, carbonized rice husk, and pine bark (1:1:1) irrigated with nutrient solution every 15 d; and (b) a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system irrigated with nutrient solution daily. Shoot height, pseudobulb diameter, and number of sprouts were evaluated monthly. The number of flowering plants, number of flowers, dry mass of shoots, and dry mass of roots were evaluated 11 months after onset of experiment. The pot cultivation system yielded more flowers and higher values for all vegetative parameters than the NFT hydroponic system.

An adequate concentration of growth regulators as well as the replacement of agar by an alternative medium may be promising from practical and financial points of view to produce orchid plants by micropropagation. The objective of this work was to evaluate different concentrations of growth regulator and alternative substrates for agar replacement in culture medium for in vitro multiplication and rooting of Oncidium baueri. In the explant multiplication phase, two experimental factors were evaluated- various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg L-1) and substrates (agar, vermiculite, and coconut fiber) added to MS medium. In the rooting phase, different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg L-1) were added to culture medium containing the same substrate. Six months after the experiments were initiated, the survival percentage, number of leaves, shoots, and roots and length of the aerial part and the major root were evaluated. The results suggested that addition of 1.0 mg L-1 BAP is necessary for the O. baueri in vitro multiplication phase, but IBA is not necessary in the rooting phase. For the substrate, vermiculite is not indicated as an agar replacement. In contrast, coconut fiber can be used in both multiplication and rooting phases of Oncidium baueri in vitro culture.

IntroductionData indicate an increase in the number of natural disasters in Brazil, with a large share of these events occurring in the state of Minas Gerais. This study examines precipitation-related natural disasters recorded between 1991 and 2016 in Minas Gerais by identifying municipality profiles (encompassing the number of droughts, flash floods, and flooding events), their sensitivity to geophysical and extreme climatic exposure, and their relation to sociodemographic and infrastructure characteristics.MethodsWe combine climate data on seven extreme rainfall indices with elevation data for each municipal seat. We obtained data on droughts, flash floods, and floods from the Center for Engineering and Civil Defense Research and Studies. Population and socio-sanitary characteristics were obtained from the 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census. First, we modeled the climatic-geo-socio-sanitary data using latent class analysis as a pure latent cluster model (LCM) without covariates on seven extreme precipitation indices coupled with altitude data. Subsequently, the LCM was used to identify precipitation-related disaster clusters, including clusters from the 1S-LCM as an active covariate (2S-LCM). Finally, we utilized sociodemographic and infrastructure variables simultaneously with the clusters from the 2S-LCM on an LCM without active covariates (3S-LCM).ResultsOur results show an increase in precipitation-related disasters in Minas Gerais, with municipalities located in the northern part of the state being particularly affected. The state registered 5,553 natural disasters in this period, with precipitation-related disasters representing 94.5% of all natural disasters. The 1S-LCM identified four homoclimatic zones, encompassing a low-altitude dry zone, a relatively low-altitude intermediately wet zone, a relatively high-altitude intermediately wet zone, and a high-altitude wet zone. The 2S-LCM produced four precipitation-related disaster classes, denominated low risk, high risk of excess precipitation, intermediate risk of precipitation deficit and excess, and high risk of precipitation deficit.DiscussionCities with better infrastructure and sociodemographic profiles in semi-arid regions are more resilient to droughts. In richer areas, floods are still a concern where incomplete urbanization transitions may undermine resilience to these events as they increase in intensity with the advance of climate change.