Suchergebnisse

RESUMO A visão predominante na economia tradicional assume que o objeto de análise das relações econômicas é o indivíduo, seja pela interação econômica entre eles (troca) seja pela interação econômica entre indivíduos e coisas (produção). Dificilmente a ciência econômica assume suposições a respeito de indivíduos organizados coletivamente. Em geral, quando o faz, assume que estas formas sejam um efeito agregado das ações individuais isoladas, ensejando assim uma posição baseada no individualismo metodológico. Em microeconomia, por exemplo, uma afirmação sobre um grupo de indivíduos, uma firma ou mesmo a sociedade, assume necessariamente que suas ações sejam abordadas a partir dos efeitos de maximizações individuais, ainda que isso exija a generalização de condições rígidas sobre o comportamento humano, improváveis para sustentar as crenças e os desejos individuais. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um modelo de análise alternativo àquele paradigma, que simultaneamente esteja comprometido com uma análise realista e incorpore elementos contextuais e empíricos alusivos à conduta humana. Situando nosso foco no nível mesossociológico de análise, argumentamos que a análise da ação coletiva, fundamentada no realismo crítico, constitui-se numa alternativa para direcionar os estudos em economia.

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura do período 2007-2016 no campo de estudo da economia do trabalho no Brasil. Além da apresentação da literatura, são destacados os temas, discussões e artigos mais relevantes. A discussão apresentada sugere uma reflexão de um ponto de vista lógico, que discute os efeitos de fatores mais amplos que os observáveis por modelos na noção de causalidade usual dos trabalhos. A conclusão apresentada é que existem muitas fragilidades anteriores aos temas convencionais que necessitam ser explicitadas, em particular, o que é não-observável sobre o trabalho.

Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a promising and highly efficient solar technology. Despite efficiencies continuing to climb, the prospect of industrial manufacture is in part hampered by concerns regarding the safety and sustainability of the solvents used in lab scale manufacture. In this paper, we aim to present a methodology for green solvent selection informed by EHS considerations from the CHEM-21 solvent guide for successful methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) precursor dissolution. Through the use of this methodology we present a N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-free alternative solvent system for deposition of MAPbI3 precursors (MAI and PbI2) consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) and ethanol (EtOH). We have investigated 3 candidate solutions with slightly different compositions of these four solvents, all of which produce dense, uniform and pinhole-free perovskite films via spin coating. All three candidate solutions (A–C) match the average device efficiencies of the DMF/DMSO control devices (12.4%) with candidate A, which consists of 40% DMSO, 30% DMPU, 20% 2-MeTHF and 10% EtOH (vol%), producing a champion PCE of 16.1% compared to 16.2% for DMF/DMSO (80/20 vol%). Perovskite films cast from the three candidate solutions show improved crystallinity, higher fluorescence emission, and improved crystal size uniformity than those cast from DMF/DMSO. This work aims to: highlight the key solvent parameters which determine effective MAPbI3 precursor dissolution; provide a set of criteria for appropriate alternative solvent selection; and demonstrate the application of green chemistry principles to solvent selection for perovskite photovoltaic manufacturing. ; We are grateful for the financial support of the EPSRC (EP/R016666/1 and EP/S001336/1) and both the EPSRC and Innovate UK for the SPECIFIC Innovation and Knowledge Centre and the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government for support to the Sêr Solar program. MLD and TW are grateful for funding through the EPSRC GCRF SUNRISE project (EP/P032591/1). This project has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska—Curie grant agreement no 764787. The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by Swansea University College of Engineering AIM Facility, which was funded in part by the EPSRC (EP/M028267/1).

The main goal of the H2020-CARAMEL project is to address the cybersecurity gaps introduced by the new technological domains adopted by modern vehicles applying, among others, advanced Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning techniques. As a result, CARAMEL enhances the protection against threats related to automated driving, smart charging of Electric Vehicles, and communication among vehicles or between vehicles and the roadside infrastructure. This work focuses on the latter and presents the CARAMEL architecture aiming at assessing the integrity of the information transmitted by vehicles, as well as at improving the security and privacy of communication for connected and autonomous driving. The proposed architecture includes: (1) multi-radio access technology capabilities, with simultaneous 802.11p and LTE-Uu support, enabled by the connectivity infrastructure; (2) a MEC platform, where, among others, algorithms for detecting attacks are implemented; (3) an intelligent On-Board Unit with anti-hacking features inside the vehicle; (4) a Public Key Infrastructure that validates in real-time the integrity of vehicle's data transmissions. As an indicative application, the interaction between the entities of the CARAMEL architecture is showcased in case of a GPS spoofing attack scenario. Adopted attack detection techniques exploit robust in-vehicle and cooperative approaches that do not rely on encrypted GPS signals, but only on measurements available in the CARAMEL architecture. ; This work was supported by the European Union's H2020 research and innovation programme under the CARAMEL project (Grant agreement No. 833611). The work of Christian Vitale, Christos Laoudias and Georgios Ellinas was also supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant 739551 (KIOS CoE) and from the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for European Programmes, Coordination, and Development. The work of Jordi Casademont and Pouria Sayyad Khodashenas was also supported by FEDER ...