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Letter: The U.K. government has proposed an Animals Abroad Bill, which would ban the import of hunting trophies. However, this ban is not clearly based on any deontological moral position or system of virtue ethics (Bichel,2021) because domestic trophy hunting and hunting trophy exports will still be allowed. Nevertheless, the U.K. Government claims its import ban will "disincentivize trophy hunting.and send a positive signal internationally."

Cleverdon, Robert G.: Tourism development in the SADC region. The opportunities and challenges. - S. 7-28. Kirsten, Marie ; Rogerson, Christian M.: Tourism, business linkages and small enterprise development in South Africa. - S. 29-59. Ashley, Caroline ; Roe, Dilys: Making tourism work for the poor. Strategies and challenges in southern Africa. - S. 61-82. Mahony, Karin ; Zyl, Jurgens van: The impacts of tourism investment on rural communities. Three case studies in South Africa. - S. 83-103. Suich, Helen: Development of preliminary tourism satellite accounts for Namibia. - S. 105-121. Satellite and resource accounting as tools for tourism planning in southern Africa. / Daneswar Poonyth... - S. 123-141. Rogerson, Christian M.: Tourism and local economic development. The case of the Highlands Meander. - S. 143-167. Rogerson, Christian M.: Urban tourism in the developing world. The case of Johannesburg. - S. 169-190. Bourgouin, France: Information communication technologies and the potential for rural tourism SMME development. The case of the Wild Coast. - S. 191-212

The escalating illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is one of the most high-profile conservation challenges today. The crisis has attracted over US$350 million in donor and government funding in recent years, primarily directed at increased enforcement. There is growing recognition among practitioners and policy makers of the need to engage rural communities that neighbor or live with wildlife as key partners in tackling IWT. However, a framework to guide such community engagement is lacking. We developed a theory of change (ToC) to guide policy makers, donors, and practitioners in partnering with communities to combat IWT. We identified 4 pathways for community-level actions: strengthen disincentives for illegal behavior, increase incentives for wildlife stewardship, decrease costs of living with wildlife, and support livelihoods that are not related to wildlife. To succeed the pathways, all require strengthening of enabling conditions, including capacity building, and of governance. Our ToC serves to guide actions to tackle IWT and to inform the evaluation of policies. Moreover, it can be used to foster dialogue among IWT stakeholders, from local communities to governments and international donors, to develop a more effective, holistic, and sustainable community-based response to the IWT crisis. ; Griffith Sciences, Environmental Futures Research Institute ; Full Text

Nature-based solutions (NbS) to climate change currently have considerable political traction. However, national intentions to deploy NbS have yet to be fully translated into evidence-based targets and action on the ground. To enable NbS policy and practice to be better informed by science, we produced the first global systematic map of evidence on the effectiveness of nature-based interventions for addressing the impacts of climate change and hydrometeorological hazards on people. Most of the interventions in natural or semi-natural ecosystems were reported to have ameliorated adverse climate impacts. Conversely, interventions involving created ecosystems (e.g., afforestation) were associated with trade-offs; such studies primarily reported reduced soil erosion or increased vegetation cover but lower water availability, although this evidence was geographically restricted. Overall, studies reported more synergies than trade-offs between reduced climate impacts and broader ecological, social, and climate change mitigation outcomes. In addition, nature-based interventions were most often shown to be as effective or more so than alternative interventions for addressing climate impacts. However, there were substantial gaps in the evidence base. Notably, there were few studies of the cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to alternatives and few integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes. There was also a bias in evidence toward the Global North, despite communities in the Global South being generally more vulnerable to climate impacts. To build resilience to climate change worldwide, it is imperative that we protect and harness the benefits that nature can provide, which can only be done effectively if informed by a strengthened evidence base. ; Funding Agencies|Natural Environment Research CouncilNERC Natural Environment Research Council [NE/R002649/1]; University of Oxford: John Fell Fund; Oxford Martin School

The SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 illness are driving a global crisis. Governments have responded by restricting human movement, which has reduced economic activity. These changes may benefit biodiversity conservation in some ways, but in Africa, we contend that the net conservation impacts of COVID-19 will be strongly negative. Here, we describe how the crisis creates a perfect storm of reduced funding, restrictions on the operations of conservation agencies, and elevated human threats to nature. We identify the immediate steps necessary to address these challenges and support ongoing conservation efforts. We then highlight systemic flaws in contemporary conservation and identify opportunities to restructure for greater resilience. Finally, we emphasize the critical importance of conserving habitat and regulating unsafe wildlife trade practices to reduce the risk of future pandemics. ; The EU and a fellowship from the Recanati-Kaplan Foundation. ; http://www.nature.com/natecolevol ; am2021 ; Mammal Research Institute