Marine conservation ecology
1. Introduction : why marine conservation is necessary : significance, threats and management of the oceans and biodiversity -- 2. The marine environment : physicochemical characteristics : structures and processes : enduring and recurrent factors -- 3. The marine environment : ecology and biology : pelagic and benthic realms and coastal fringing communities -- 4. Approaches to marine conservation : traditional strategies and ecological frameworks -- 5. Representative areas : global to ecoregional : marine conservation at the ecosystem/habitat level -- 6. Habitats and communities : ecoregional to local : reality, variability and scales of relationships -- 7. Distinctive areas : species and ecosystem processes : ecosystem processes : ergoclines and hotspots -- 8. Patterns of biodiversity : species diversity : theories and relationships : global, regional, local -- 9. Species and focal species : keystones, umbrellas, flagships, indicators and others -- 10. Genetic diversity : significance of genetics : from genes to ecosystems -- 11. Coastal zones : components, complexities and classifications -- 12. High seas and deep seas : pelagic and benthic, hydrography and biogeography -- 13. Linking fisheries management with marine conservation objectives through ecosystem approaches : compatibility of exploitation and preservation -- 14. Size and boundaries of protected areas : rationale for function, location, dimensions -- 15. Evaluation of protected areas : the concept of 'value' as applied to marine biodiversity -- 16. Sets of protected areas : integrating distinctive and representative protected areas -- 17. Networks of protected areas : patterns of connectivity in the oceans -- 18. Approaches to the establishment of marine monitoring programmes : stabilizing the baselines -- 19. Remaining problems in marine conservation : present problems, future solutions.