Suchergebnisse

Diese Arbeit untersucht nationale Ausgleichsprojekte (NP) im Klimaschutz bezüglich ihrer ökologischen Treffsicherheit, ihrer statischen und dynamischen ökonomischen Effizienz, ihrer Transaktionskosten sowie ihrer gesellschaftlichen und politischen Umsetzbarkeit. Hierfür werden NP definiert als unilaterale Klimaschutzprojekte, die in einem Land mit verbindlichem Treibhausgas-Emissionsreduktionsziel auf freiwilliger Basis durchgeführt werden. Projekt und Investor sind im gleichen Land angesiedelt und die Projektträger erhalten die gegenüber dem Business-as-Usual-Szenario zusätzlichen THG-Emissionsminderungen gemäß der Baseline-and-Credit-Methode in Form handelbarer Emissionsreduktionsgutschriften der zuständigen inländischen Instanz gutgeschrieben. NP stehen in einem engen Verhältnis zu den internationalen flexiblen Instrumenten des Kyoto-Protokolls und dem für 2005 geplanten EU-Emissionsrechtehandel. Daher wird die Ausgestaltung dieser Instrumenten vorgestellt und analysiert. Ein Vergleich legt Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten von NP mit dem Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) und Joint Implementation (JI) offen. Die umweltökonomische Analyse ergibt, dass NP in Deutschland in Ergänzung insbesondere des EU-Emissionsrechtehandels eingeführt werden sollten. Dementsprechend werden Fragen der Implementierung von NP in Deutschland diskutiert: Als mögliche Absatzmärkte für nationale Emissionsreduktionsgutschriften werden der europäische und der internationale Emissionsrechtehandel identifiziert. Projektzyklus, Projektunterlagen, die Zusätzlichkeit (Additionality) der Emissionsreduktionen und die Aufstellung eines Referenzszenarions (Baseline) könnten sich an JI und CDM orientieren. Das Kriterium der Policy Additionality wird ausführlich analysiert. Neben dem Vorschlag eines Prüfschemas und allgemeinen, instrumentenspezifischen Ausführungen zur Policy Additionality werden die deutsche Klimaschutzpolitik in einer Policy-Matrix bezüglich ihrer Relevanz für NP systematisiert und mögliche Projekttypen abgeleitet.

While experimentation is at the heart of sustainability transitions, little attention has been paid to policy experimentation and its effects in advancing transitions. Drawing on the literatures on policy experimentation and institutional change in the context of sustainability transitions, we analyse an in-depth case study of the development of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in Finland - one of the first countries globally to advance MaaS by government support. Our findings show how a potentially disruptive innovation, MaaS, can be traced back to a longer process of administrative reorientation and restructuring, i.e. gradual transformation in institutions, and has benefitted from cycles of policy experimentation, combined with the sequencing of policy strategies and further changes in the policy mix. Administrative restructuring has enabled policy experimentation that has led - via new vision building, networking and learning - to major regulatory change allowing market creation for MaaS. We conclude that the dynamics of policy mixes in transitions are influenced by short-term policy experimentation and long-term institutional change. More generally, institutional change is vital for enabling a favourable context for policy experimentation in sustainability transitions that in turn provides cognitive and normative learning to inform further institutional change.

While experimentation is at the heart of sustainability transitions, little attention has been paid to policy experimentation and its effects in advancing transitions. Drawing on the literatures on policy experimentation and institutional change in the context of sustainability transitions, we analyse an in-depth case study of the development of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in Finland – one of the first countries globally to advance MaaS by government support. Our findings show how a potentially disruptive innovation, MaaS, can be traced back to a longer process of administrative reorientation and restructuring, i.e. gradual transformation in institutions, and has benefitted from cycles of policy experimentation, combined with the sequencing of policy strategies and further changes in the policy mix. Administrative restructuring has enabled policy experimentation that has led - via new vision building, networking and learning - to major regulatory change allowing market creation for MaaS. We conclude that the dynamics of policy mixes in transitions are influenced by short-term policy experimentation and long-term institutional change. More generally, institutional change is vital for enabling a favourable context for policy experimentation in sustainability transitions that in turn provides cognitive and normative learning to inform further institutional change.

Highlights • Focus on policy experimentation and institutional change in transitions. • Two types of policy experiments identified in relation to innovation policy. • An in-depth case study of mobility as a service (MaaS) in Finland is presented. • Institutional change enables conducive context for policy experimentation. • Learning from policy experimentation can push transformative institutional change. ; While experimentation is at the heart of sustainability transitions, little attention has been paid to policy experimentation and its effects in advancing transitions. Drawing on the literatures on policy experimentation and institutional change in the context of sustainability transitions, we analyse an in-depth case study of the development of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in Finland – one of the first countries globally to advance MaaS by government support. Our findings show how a potentially disruptive innovation, MaaS, can be traced back to a longer process of administrative reorientation and restructuring, i.e. gradual transformation in institutions, and has benefitted from cycles of policy experimentation, combined with the sequencing of policy strategies and further changes in the policy mix. Administrative restructuring has enabled policy experimentation that has led - via new vision building, networking and learning - to major regulatory change allowing market creation for MaaS. We conclude that the dynamics of policy mixes in transitions are influenced by short-term policy experimentation and long-term institutional change. More generally, institutional change is vital for enabling a favourable context for policy experimentation in sustainability transitions that in turn provides cognitive and normative learning to inform further institutional change.