Suchergebnisse

The modern system of landscaping in the cities and villages of Ukraine was formed in Soviet times in different socio-economic conditions, and it does not meet the requirements of time nowadays. The main problems include trees aging, their sanitary condition deterioration, loss of decorative appearance, deadwoods and dry top trees in gardens and parks due to the lack of qualified nursing care. The reconstruction and restoration of urban gardening facilities in most settlements have not been carried out for years and the scale of new objects establishment has significantly decreased. Limitation or lack of funding led to the clutter of urban parks and gardens, to spontaneous planting of trees and bushes, destruction of tracks, sites, small architectural forms of utilitarian purpose. There is an expansion of invasive species selfseedlings, infestation of many species with mistletoe white, the spread of quarantine diseases and pests in the area which reduces the longevity of plantings, decreases their decorative value, weakens the recreational and ecological functions. The negative trends are aggravated by the impact of climate change resulted by global warming, while the role and importance of green spaces in the localities is increasing. The analysis shows that the negative trends in the greenery economy are predertmined by a set of causes, among which the following are highlighted: 1) Legal reasons arising from imperfection of the existing legislation regulating legal relations in the field of landscape and of green spaces maintenance in the towns and cities of Ukraine. The Law of Ukraine "On settlements planning in Ukraine" and a number of by-laws that do not consider the moderm realities fail to provide protection of urban green spaces and regulate legal relations in this area. The need to improve legal relations in this area is emphasized. 2) Financial grounds are manifested in the long-term lack of financing of the industry, which resulted in destruction of public nurseries and specialized enterprises of green economy in the cities as well as in termination of professional care for plantings. 3) Organizational causes were predetermined by the destruction of public and state institutions involved in the creation and operation of green spaces in cities and towns of Ukraine; the lack of strategic and tactical plans for the development of green economy, the transfer of green spaces under the care of private structures that often have no properly trained personnel, mechanisms and equipment for skilled work; low quality control of the work and absence of mechanisms of effective administrative influence on the facts of plantats destruction or damage. 4) Environmental causes are due to increased environmental load on green plantations due to the deterioration of climate in recent years due to global warming, the spread of adventitious plant and insect species, the growth of technogenic load on plants due to an increase in vehicles in cities. 5) Natural aging of perennial green plantations along with trees and shrubs falling out from the plantings content, reducing the viability of plants due to the deterioration of mineral and water supply and the spread of pests, diseases, including quarantine and parasite plants make biological reasons for plantings deterioration in Ukraine. 6) Scientific reasons are caused by inadequate study of the issues of creation and maintenance of green plantations by scientific institutions of Ukraine, which adversely affects the development and implementation of modern technology of planting and taking care for them. 7) Personnel reasons are caused by the fact that the issues of landscaping and planning are often carried out by people in the state and municipal institutions who do not have special training and practical experience in gardening. Also, the level of cooperation of local self-government bodies with higher educational institutions in terms of involving the scientific and pedagogical staff for the personnel retraining is low. 8) The mental causes are predetermined by Ukrainians' attitude to public facilities: the majority of Ukrainian people, unlike those in Western European, still consider public facilities as someone's, so green public landscapes are often damaged by visitors, they park their transport in the area, steal items and so on. We have proposed a range of activities, the implementation of which will provide redressing the current situation and improve the condition of green spaces in Ukrainian settlements. ; Проаналізовано сучасні проблеми створення і утримання багаторічних зелених насаджень у населених пунктах України. Показано, що в умовах глобального потепління кліматорегулювальна роль та містотвірне і декоративне значення деревних насаджень, розташованих у містах, зростають. Встановлено, що основними чинниками, що впливають на стан багаторічних насаджень, є: старіння дерев та кущів, масове заселення багатьох видів Viscum album, самосійне поширення адвентивних видів рослин, масове порушення "Правил утримання зелених насаджень", інвазії шкідливих організмів, погіршення кліматичних умов. Існуючі проблеми зумовлені нормативно-правовими, фінансовими, організаційними, екологічними, біологічними, науковими, кадровими, культурно-історичними, ментальними причинами. Проведений аналіз причинно-наслідкових зв'язків причин і наслідків дав змогу запропонувати комплекс заходів, реалізація яких сприятиме вирішенню існуючих проблем. Зокрема запропоновано на законодавчому рівні закріпити охоронний статус міських зелених насаджень, визначити їхні площі, провести інвентаризацію та закріпити за балансокористувачами. Внесено пропозиції щодо покращення перспективного та поточного планування, поліпшення кадрового забезпечення та рівня наукових досліджень. Необхідно організувати постійний науковий моніторинг стану довкілля і насаджень як основи ефективних заходів, спрямованих на поліпшення стану насаджень. Наголошено на необхідності врахування культурно-історичних особливостей та ментальності населення різних регіонів України під час озеленення міського середовища.