Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Contributors -- Foreword: Pharmaceuticals in the environment - Why should we care? -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Pharmaceutical in the Environment: Background -- 1.2 Objectives of this Book -- 1.3 Chapter Content -- References -- Chapter 2: Policy framework at EU level -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Policy Framework at EU Level -- 2.2.1 Medicinal regulations & -- policies -- 2.2.1.1 Product authorisation and environment risk assessment -- 2.2.1.2 Drug take-back schemes -- 2.2.2 Environmental protection regulations & -- policies -- 2.2.2.1 Water policies -- 2.2.2.2 Other environmental policies and initiatives -- 2.3 Discussion of Current Policy Instruments -- 2.3.1 Policy framework in the light of the precautionary and prevention principles -- 2.3.2 Policy framework and end-of-pipe solutions -- 2.3.3 What complicates further EU policy development to limit discharge of PPs into waters? -- References -- Chapter 3: Exposure based on life cycle -- 3.1 Exposure Routes -- 3.2 Modelling of Expected Concentrations in Various Matrices -- 3.3 Modelling Toxicity -- References -- Chapter 4: Real situation: occurrence of the main investigated PPs in water bodies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Literature Study on PPS -- 4.2.1 Consumption -- 4.2.2 Exposure -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Predicted Environmental Concentrations -- 4.3.2 Indicator pharmaceuticals -- 4.3.3 Data Gaps -- 4.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Performance of conventional treatment processes of the most resistant PPs -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Antibiotics -- 5.2.1 Sludge Retention Time (SRT) -- 5.2.2 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) -- 5.2.3 Reactor configuration -- 5.2.4 Sludge adsorption -- 5.2.5 Advanced technologies -- 5.3 Anticonvulsants -- 5.3.1 Sludge Retention Time (SRT).