La Edad del Bronce en el sureste de la cuenca del Duero: el Valle de Ambrona (Soria) durante el II milenio AC
In: Studia archaeologica no. 103
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In: Studia archaeologica no. 103
Se aborda el problema de la transición entre los rituales funerarios de tipo colectivo y las sepulturas individuales, en el Neolítico final- Calcolítico de La Meseta, en el marco del debate peninsular y europeo, pero especialmente a partir de los datos ofrecidos por la excavación del Túmulo de La Sima, Miño de Medina (Soria, España), que presenta una interesante secuencia funeraria, donde dicha transición puede detectarse con detalle. Se propone una lectura social de este proceso, según la cual el progresivo desarrollo de un excedente de producción a lo largo del Neolítico alimentó la gestación de incipientes diferencias sociales, que inicialmente fueron canalizadas dentro de los rituales colectivos megalíticos, pero que acabaron desembocando en la aparición de líderes durante el Calcolítico, que buscaban legitimar su posición con la reutilización de los monumentos del orden comunal anterior, pero segregando espacialmente su presencia de forma intencionada. ; This paper deals with the problem of the transition from the collective burial rituals to the individual ones, in the Late Neolithic - Copper Age of the Iberian Meseta, in its Spanish and European theoretical debate framework, but especially studying the La Sima Burial Mound, Miño de Medina (Soria, Spain) excavation data, which presents an interesting funerary sequence, where this transition can be analyzed in detail. A social interpretation is proposed about the whole process, in which the economic development along the Neolithic produced increasing surpluses, that caused the emergence of social differences, that were initially integrated within the megalithic collective burial rituals, but finally ending in the emergence of political leaders during the Copper Age, which looked for legitimation reusing the previous communal Neolithic monuments, but with a clear intention of spatially segregating its presence.
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[ES] Knowledge of the climatic and environmental changes of the start of Holocene and its impact on human populations and cultures is key to understanding both the predictive and future evolution of these. In this regard, the study using ditches and surveys of the holocene archaeosedimentary register in the area of the neolithic deposit of Los Cascajos (Los Arcos, Navarre) provides valuable information not only for establishing the environmental development of this area, but also for knowledge of the activities carried out by the residents of the deposit on the banks of the river Odrón. This work presents the results of the stratigraphic, sedimentological and geochemical study using high resolution XRF-CS of the LAC1 sounding. The data obtained indicate a trend towards aridification throughout the Holocene, represented by a cycle of agradation-incision in the river Odrón. The river sedimentary register also detects indicators of contemporary anthropic activity in the settlement of Los Cascgars, which makes it possible to place its occupation at hydrological times more humid than the current one, and to demonstrate the subsequent aridification of this area of the Ebro valley along the recent Holocene (Megalayense). The authors thank the Directorate-General for Cultura-Prince Viana Institution of the Government of Navarre for funding the research work carried out in the course of this project. We also appreciate the work of Dr Ángel Carrancho (UBU, Invitado Editor); to C. Tejedor-Rodríguez and I. García-Martínez de Lagrán, researchers from the Juan de la Cierva programme of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; and Dr's corrections and suggestions Arantxa Aranburu (EHU/UPV) and an anonymous reviewer who have helped improve the manuscript ; [EN] The knowledge of climatic and environmental changes at the onset of the Holocene and its impact on human populations and cultures is key for the understanding of their both past and future evolution. In this sense, the study through trenching and cores of ...
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Sheep remains constitute the main archaeozoological evidence for the presence of Early Neolithic human groups in the highlands of the Southern Pyrenees but understanding the role of herding activities in the Neolithisation process of this mountain ecosystem calls for the analysis of large and well-dated faunal assemblages. Cova de Els Trocs (Bisaurri, Huesca, Spain), a cave located at 1564 m a.s.l on the southern slopes of the Central Pyrenees, is an excellent case study since it was seasonally occupied throughout the Neolithic (ca. 5312–2913 cal. BC) and more than 4000 caprine remains were recovered inside. The multi-proxy analytical approach here presented has allowed us to offer new data elaborating on vertical mobility practices and herd management dynamics as has not been attempted up until now within Neolithic high-mountain sites in the Iberian Peninsula. For the first time, δ18O and δ13C stable isotope analyses offer direct evidence on both the regular practice of altitudinal movements of sheep flocks and the extended breeding season of sheep. Autumn births are recorded from the second half of the fifth millennium cal. BC onwards. Age-at-death distributions illustrate the progressive decline in caprine perinatal mortality together with the rising survival rate of individuals older than six months of age and the larger frequency of adults. This trend alongside the 'off-season' lambing signal at the implementation of husbandry techniques over time, probably aiming to increase the size of the flocks and their productivity. Palaeoparasitological analyses of sediment samples document also the growing reliance on herding activities of the human groups visiting the Els Trocs cave throughout the Neolithic sequence. In sum, our work provides substantial arguments to conclude that the advanced herding management skills of the Early Neolithic communities arriving in Iberia facilitated the anthropisation process of the subalpine areas of the Central Pyrenees. ; This paper was supported by several projects awarded to MR-G: 'Los Caminos del Neolítico' (HAR2009-09027) and 'Los Caminos del Neolítico II' (HAR2013-46800 P) were granted by the National R&D&I Plan/Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (https://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/) and co-financed by the Government of Aragón (https://www.aragon.es/), and 'La Memoria del Camino: Ciencia y divulgación de las primeras rutas pecuarias neolíticas en el Pirineo-MEDELCA' (FCT-2015-9947) was financed by the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT) (https://www.fecyt.es/). The archaeozoological research was carried out within the framework of the project awarded to MM-G '… y la oveja domesticó al pastor: Señales genómicas y arqueozoológicas de los primeros ovinos durante la neolitización de la península ibérica' (HAR2016-75914-R) by the National R&D&I Plan/Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (https://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/). AH was awarded a PhD grant by the Université Fédérale de Toulouse ANR-11-IDEX-0002-02 (https://www.univ-toulouse.fr/). Support of the publication fee was granted by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).
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The sedimentological, geochemical and palynological analyses performed in the Conquezuela palaeolake (41°11′N; 2°33′W; 1124 m a.s.l.) provide a detailed, multiproxy palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in one of the key areas of inner Iberian Neolithic colonization. Combined with archaeobotanical and archaeological data from well-dated settlements along the Conquezuela–Ambrona Valley we investigate how environmental conditions may affect both socio-economic adaptations and livelihood strategies of prehistoric communities. The first evidences of early Neolithic occupation in the valley ca. 7250–6450 cal yr BP (5300–4500 BC) coincided with the onset of a period (7540–6200 cal yr BP, 5590–4250 BC) with higher water availability and warmer climate as alluvial environments were substituted by carbonate-wetland environments in the basin. The Conquezuela record supports an early Neolithic colonization of the inner regions of Iberia favored by warmer and humid climate features and with preferential settlement patterns associated to lakes. The maximum human occupation of the valley occurred during the mid–late Neolithic and Chalcolithic (6200–3200 cal yr BP, 4250–1250 BC) as evidenced by the high number of archaeological sites. Although a number of hydrological oscillations have been detected during this period, the intense landscape transformation at basin-scale, leading to a deforested landscape, was largely a consequence of widespread farming and pastoral practices. Socio-economic activities during Bronze, Iron and Roman times modified this inherited landscape, but the second largest ecosystem transformation only occurred during Mediaeval times when a new agrarian landscape developed with the expansion of stockbreeding transhumance. The current vegetation cover characterized by patches of holm and marcescent oaks and fields reflects an intense human management combining both extensive herding with agrarian activities in order to transform the previous forested landscape into a dehesa-like system. ; The funding for the present study derives from DINAMO2 (CGL-BOS 2012-33063) and AGRIWESTMED (ERC Grant Agreement #230561) projects, provided by the Spanish Inter-Ministry Commission of Science and Technology (CICYT) and the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013). XRF data were obtained at the XRF Core Scanner Laboratory (CRG Marine Geosciences, University of Barcelona). Josu Aranbarri acknowledges the predoctoral funding provided by the Basque Country Government (ref: FI-2010-5). Graciela Gil-Romera hold a post-doctoral contract funded by "Juan de la Cierva" (ref: JCI2009-04345) program. Eduardo García-Prieto and Maria Leunda are supported by predoctoral FPI grants BES-2010-038593 and BES-2013-063753, respectively. We also thank Elena Royo for her help with the lab procedures and the two anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions. ; Peer reviewed
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This paper presents the results of the first excavation campaign of the Artusia rock shelter in Unzué, Navarre, Spain. Chronocultural and archaeobiological analyses revealed five different occupation phases (Artusia I–V) within the regional Mesolithic timeline, specifically in the Mesolithic of Notches and Denticulates (Artusia I and II) and the Geometric Mesolithic (Artusia III, IV, and V). In addition, the study of the sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental evolution in the entire record helped to clearly define several climatic events which developed around 6550 cal BC–8500 cal BP and 6250 cal BC–8200 cal BP. Here, we present a description of these events and their (pre)historical interpretation with the aim of recognizing how they influenced the Mesolithic hunter–gatherer groups living in the Ebro Basin of the Iberian Peninsula. ; projects "Los Caminos del Neolítico" -HAR2009- 09027- and "Los Caminos del Neolítico II" -(HAR2013-46800-P)- under directed by Dr. Manuel Rojo Guerra, granted by the Subdirectorate General for Research Projects/General Directorate of Research and Management of the National Plan for R and D and Innovation/Secretary of State for Research of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain, and co-financed by the Government of Navarre. All analytical work and radiocarbon dating were carried out within the project "Origins and spread of agriculture in the western Mediterranean region" -ERC-2008-AdG 230561-, coordinated by Dr. Leonor Pe~na Chocarro and financed by the European Research Council.
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Violence seems deeply rooted in human nature and an endemic potential for such is today frequently associated with differing ethnic, religious or socio-economic backgrounds. Ethnic nepotism is believed to be one of the main causes of inter-group violence in multi-ethnic societies. At the site of Els Trocs in the Spanish Pyrenees, rivalling groups of either migrating early farmers or farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers collided violently around 5300 BCE. This clash apparently resulted in a massacre of the Els Trocs farmers. The overkill reaction was possibly triggered by xenophobia or massive disputes over resources or privileges. In the present, violence and xenophobia are controlled and sanctioned through social codes of conduct and institutions. So that, rather than representing an insurmountable evolutionary inheritance, violence and ethnic nepotism can be overcome and a sustainable future achieved through mutual respect, tolerance and openness to multi-ethnic societies. ; Funding for research at Els Trocs was provided by the German Research Foundation to K.W.A. (Al 287/14–1) "Reconstruction of population-dynamic processes on the Iberian Peninsula between Neolithic and Early Bronze Age using aDNA analysis", to M.R.G. under the Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation and by the Government of Aragón (HAR2009–09027) "Los Caminos del Neolithico" and (HAR2013–46800-P) "Los Caminos del Neolithico II". Further analyses were carried out within the scope of Leonor Pena Chocarro's project "Understanding the Origins and Spread of Agriculture in the Western Mediterranean" (ERC-2008-AdG 230561).
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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic. ; The research was funded by the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (771234–PALEoRIDER, to W.H.; 805268–CoDisEASe to K. Bos; 834616–ARCHCAUCASUS to S.H.), the Slovak Academy of Sciences and the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme and Marie Curie Actions under the Programme SASPRO (1340/03/03 to P.C.R.), the ERA.NET RUS Plus–S&T programm of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (277–BIOARCCAUCASUS to S.Re. and S.H.), the Werner Siemens Stiftung ("Paleobiochemistry", to CW), the Award Praemium Academiae of the Czech Academy of Sciences (to M.E.), the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO 67985912, to M.Dobe.), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-09-00354a, to M.K.K. and V.V.K.; 19-78-10053 to SSh), the German Research Foundation (DFG-HA-5407/4-1–INTERACT to W.H. and RE2688/2 to S.Re.), the French National Research Agency (ANR-17-FRAL-0010–INTERACT, to M.F.D., M.Ri., S.Ro., S.Sai., D.Bi., and P.Le.), the Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (9558 to S.Sab.), and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP08856654 to L.B.D., L.M., and E.Kh. and AP08857177 to A.Z.B.).
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