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Being a brief account of Northern money market conditions from 1861 through 1865, including representative empirical tables, together with yield curves and graphs, and containing speculations on the influence of gold.

How are we to identify & head off risks & threats, or deal with increasingly complex crisis situations? The availability on the ground of powerful IT resources results from a revolution in contemporary dataprocessing architecture. High technology makes possible the projection of massive computing power to the theatre of operations. The new ways of working that this change implies are indeed a 'revolution within a revolution'. Adapted from the source document.

Across the countries of the world, annual GNI/capita varies by a factor
of almost 100, from $440 in Sierra Leone to $41,230 in Luxembourg (in
1999.) Past literature has often associated country wealth with culture,
geography, history and religion, but nothing can be done about such
influences over a short horizon, and probably little can be done over
generations. We seek instead to uncover the "deep" determinants of wealth;
i.e., those macroeconomic, structural, political and in stitutional
conditions realistically amenable to change. We find surprisingly
good news; more than 80 percent of the international variation in
GNI/capita can be explained by mutable determinants. Fourteen candidate
determinants are examined over five recent years (1995-99 inclusive)
utilizing a principal components approach to minimize the effects of
interdependence. Property rights (+) and black market activity (-) have
the highest levels of significance. Also contributing to the explanation
are regulation (-), inflation (-), civil liberties (+), political rights
(+), press freedom (+), government expenditures (+) and trade barriers (-)
(but not trade levels). To check that these variables represent causes
and are not the effects of high income, we also trace the trajectories
of GNI/capita before and after political liberalizations or dictatorial
retrenchments over the past half-century. Liberalizations are, on average,
followed by dramatic improvement in country income, while substantial
reductions in growth typically follow anti-democratic events. We conclude
that countries can develop faster by enforcing strong property rights,
fostering an independent judiciary, attacking corruption, dismantling
burdensome regulation, allowing press freedom, and protecting political
rights and civil liberties. These features define a healthy environment
for economic activity.