Suchergebnisse

AbstractOver the last few decades we have witnessed a globalU‐turn in prevailing housing and urban policy agendas, spread around the world by the driving forces of globalization and neoliberalism. The new paradigm was mainly based on the withdrawal of states from the housing sector and the implementation of policies designed to create stronger and larger market‐based housing finance models. The commodification of housing, together with the increased use of housing as an investment asset within a globalized financial market, has profoundly affected the enjoyment of the right to adequate housing. Taking theWorldBank's 1993 manifesto as a starting point and the subprime crisis as its first great international flashpoint, this essay traces some key elements of the neoliberal approach to housing and its impact on the enjoyment of the right to housing in different contexts and times. The reform of housing policy — with all its components of homeownership, private property and binding financial commitments — has been central to the political and ideological strategies through which the dominance of neoliberalism is maintained. Conversely, the crisis (and its origins in the housing market) reflects the inability of market mechanisms to provide adequate and affordable housing for all.

AbstractThe 1990s in Brazil were a time of institutional advances in the areas of housing and urban rights following the signing of the new constitution in 1988 that incorporated the principles of the social function of cities and property, recognition of the right to ownership of informal urban squatters and the direct participation of citizens in urban policy decision processes. These propositions are the pillars of the urban reform agenda which, since the creation of the Ministry of Cities by the Lula government, has come under the federal executive branch. This article evaluates the limitations and opportunities involved in implementing this agenda on the basis of two policies proposed by the ministry — the National Cities Council and the campaign for Participatory Master Plans — focusing the analysis on government organization in the area of urban development in its relationship with the political system and the characteristics of Brazilian democracy.Résumé Au Brésil, les années 1990 ont été marquées par des progrès institutionnels en matière de logement et de droits urbains, dans le sillage de la Constitution de 1988 qui intègre les principes d'une fonction sociale de la ville et de la propriété urbaine, ainsi que la reconnaissance du droit à la propriété pour les squatters urbains et la participation directe des citoyens aux processus d'élaboration des politiques urbaines. Ce sont également les piliers du programme de réforme urbaine qui relève de l'exécutif fédéral depuis la création d'un ministère des Villes par le gouvernement Lula. Pour évaluer les limites et potentiels liés à la mise en place de ce programme, cet article s'appuie sur deux politiques publiques proposées par le ministère, le Conseil national des villes et la campagne en faveur des Plans directeurs participatifs, en analysant plus particulièrement l'organisation gouvernementale en matière d'urbanisme par rapport au système politique et aux caractéristiques de la démocratie brésilienne.

Raquel Rolnik, urbaniste brésilienne, est une figure intellectuelle majeure des mouvements sociaux pour l'habitat. Formée à l'USP (Université de São Paulo) dans les années 1970 au moment où se développe le mouvement social urbain, elle devient ensuite partie prenante du Mouvement National pour la Réforme urbaine (MNRU) et une des rédactrices du projet de réforme urbaine qui intègre notamment la fonction sociale de la propriété dans la Constitution brésilienne (1988). Infatigable militante, enseignante, chercheuse, son expérience personnelle raconte l'histoire même de la version brésilienne du Droit à la ville et la manière dont elle a pesé sur l'agenda politique et social, des années 1970 à nos jours. En revenant ici sur sa trajectoire personnelle, politique, académique, elle nous livre sa vision d'une notion, pour elle toujours d'actualité, qui fut dans son parcours à la fois militance, objet de recherche et instrument de gouvernement.

Não obstante os logros da política econômica - que incluem um aumento espetacular do gasto público no setor de desenvolvimento urbano - e as promessas da descentralização e do Estatuto das Cidades, as marcas de um modelo de desenvolvimento urbano excludente e predatório continuam presentes em várias dimensões do processo de urbanização no Brasil. Este ensaio busca discutir alguns dos obstáculos que têm incidido sobre a capacidade da rede urbana brasileira de responder ao desafio de ampliar o direito à moradia e à cidade para o conjunto de moradores.

This paper seeks to understand the mobility crisis lived by São Paulo in the last decade. The study presents a historical and critical analysis of the mobility projects which has been implemented in the city, with particular focus on the investments and projects implemented by state and local governments in road infrastructure and public transportation in the last decade. ; O trabalho procura deslindar a crise da mobilidade que a metrópole paulistana tem vivido na última década. Para tanto, apresenta uma análise crítica acerca dos projetos de mobilidade que foram implantados historicamente na cidade de São Paulo, focalizando em particular os investimentos e as mudanças na gestão realizados pelos poderes públicos municipal e estadual em infraestrutura viária e transporte coletivo na última década.

Resumo Este artigo investiga a participação de agentes globais no complexo imobiliário-financeiro em São Paulo, compreendidos como fundos de investimento e empresas transnacionais especializadas no setor imobiliário que adentram mercados financeiros para diversificar ativos e mitigar riscos, e também como forma de acessar localizações geográficas, criando frentes de expansão. Pretende desenvolver questões como: (1) Os agentes globais e o capital internacional estão penetrando o complexo imobiliário-financeiro em São Paulo? De que forma? (2) Como esse capital se espacializa? Ele cria novas frentes e produtos imobiliários, morfologias e tipologias? Sua ação resulta em processos de reestruturação territorial? (3) Como sua lógica espacial dialoga com os processos de remoção e relocação involuntária? Para responder tais questões, mapeou ativos imobiliários, encontrando, dentre outros, uma nova frente de expansão imobiliária junto ao Rodoanel.

Part I -- 1. The global financialisation of housing -- 2. The mortgage system -- 3. Exporting the model -- 4. Post-crisis measures: More of the same? -- 5. The demand-side subsidies model -- 6. microfinance: The last frontier -- Part II -- 7. Tenure insecurity -- 8. From enclosures to foreclosures -- 9. Informal, illegal, ambiguous -- 10. Private property, contracts and the globalised language of finance -- 11. Insecure tenure in the era of large projects -- Part III -- 12. Financialisation in the tropics -- 13. At the frontier of the real-estate-financial complex -- 14. Real-estate avenues -- 15. Real-estate games -- 16. June 2013: Journeys and beyond.