Suchergebnisse

Public shaming has long been used in societies to maintain order in communities, and to enforce not only laws, but unspoken rules or societal constraints. However, while public shaming can be a valuable tool for communities, it can also lead to unjust rule – some might even call it mob rule. While many citizens of the United States tend to glorify democracy and the effects of democracy, the democratization of the justice system through public shaming has resulted in disastrous consequences in American history and promises dangerous repercussions if it continues to be used in the future. This claim is evidenced by an analysis of literary works from the seventeenth century and later which reveal a trend of bullying through public shaming. After a long absence from society, these unsettling trends seem to be reappearing in the twenty-first century.

Groups of conceptually complex and simple female subjects were exposed to escapable or inescapable noise, or no noise pre-treatments within an instrumental-cognitive learned helplessness paradigm. Subsequently, subjects completed anagram tasks, and their performance was evaluated in
terms of complexity level and helplessness effects. Consistent with predictions, conceptually complex subjects performed better than the conceptually simple subjects after exposure to the inescapable noise condition which was designed to induce learned helplessness. As expected, these complexity
differences in anagram performance were not observed in the escapable noise condition. In an interesting, but unexpected, finding the conceptually simple subjects showed greater performance decrements relative to complex subjects in the no noise condition on two of the dependent measures.
Overall, the data suggest that conceptual complexity level does mediate the experience of learned helplessness. Specifically, it appeared that the conceptually complex subjects were less negatively affected than simple subjects as a result of exposure to an uncontrollable, aversive situation.

Papua has a huge diversity of natural resources which can be categorized as well managed compare to other areas in Indonesia. The city of Jayapura and its surrounding are arranged to become an urban area nowadays. As an impact, many sector has changing including its land use. This research aims to understanding the knowledge, perception, and assesment of people regarding the environment particularly in Jayapura and its environs. The research was conducted in Jayapura City, Jayapura Regency and Keerom Regency with sampling method using survey, questionnaire and documentation. This research revealed that 53.0–90.0% of respondent knowing about environmental management and most of them (90.0%) gained those information from educational institution such as schools. Regarding government participation in environmental management, respondent answered that it is around 69.0–76.0% while for infrastructure and monitoring it is around 52.4-74.0% and 41.0-70.6% respectively. Concerning the environmental condition and its management the rate was 6.20 which can be categoized as good.Key words: people perception; environment; government; Jayapura.