Suchergebnisse

Study on the phenomenon of the poor and poverty in Santiago city in the 19th century, and the reaction of the political and economic elite

The expansion of immigration detention in the United States has been attributed to policy, privatization, and anti-immigrant racialization. This research extends understandings of immigration detention's growth by focusing on how Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) maintains the necessary space to detain migrants during this expansion. In this article, I introduce the concept of "malleable detention:" the flexible strategies and methods used to restructure space within immigration detention. I base this concept on findings from an analysis of the T. Don Hutto Detention Center - a detention site that has remained open despite various abuses, protests, and closures. Using statements from ICE officials, intergovernmental service agreements (IGSAs) between ICE and local governments, government reports, nongovernmental reports, and newspaper accounts, I find that the Hutto site displayed three forms of malleable detention. Detention was made malleable through repurposing non-detention space into detention space, maintaining flexibility in the detained populations, and reconfiguring contracts that helped keep detention open. Beyond the Hutto case, the malleable detention concept extends to detention sites throughout the U.S. This provides evidence into how ICE is able to sustain enough detention space that makes the U.S. the largest detainer of immigrants in the world.

Since the early twentieth century, children have been regarded as a protected class, legally and symbolically, in the United States. Although legal protections for U.S. children have also extended to non-citizen children, this study investigates whether the symbolic aspect of children's protected status is undermined in the case of immigrant children. Through an examination of media reports during the 2014 entrance of unaccompanied minors from Central America and Mexico, I analyze how anti-immigrant protestors portrayed unaccompanied minors in quotes published in news articles across several online historical databases including ProQuest Historical Newspaper and the Local Historical Newspaper Archives by NewsBank. Based on this analysis, I find that the symbolic protected status normally attributed to children did not extend to unaccompanied minors. Specifically, anti-immigrant protestors mobilized forms of racialization typically employed against immigrant adults, which took four distinct forms that framed immigrant children as: (1) threats to the economy, (2) carriers of disease, (3) criminal and terrorist threats, and (4) invaders. Despite belonging to a vulnerable and normally protected group, immigrant children were racialized in ways well-established by scholars as characteristic of adult migrants by anti-immigrant protestors, who portrayed them as unsacred children unworthy of a protected status. This study contributes to our understandings of child and immigrant racialization and further contextualizes policies of detention and deportation against immigrant children.

How do activists advocate for immigrants in U.S. immigration detention, given its closed and guarded structures? Providing advocacy for immigrants becomes difficult in detention as many people do not have the requisite skillset for legal advocacy, a prominent method in providing support to detained immigrants. In this article, I examine the Freedom for Immigrants' Community Visitation Program (CVP) network, which organizes visits to detention sites, as one model by which people provide advocacy for detained immigrants. I base this on an analysis of CVP documents, websites, videos and reports, detained immigrant letters and statements, news stories, investigative reports, and secondary resources. Through this analysis, I find that CVPs organize volunteers by having a wide coverage of CVPs throughout the U.S. and manage visitation training programs. This allows volunteers to provide social and emotional support to detained migrants. Additionally, volunteers serve as advocates during instances of abuse occurring inside detention that may otherwise have remained invisible by rallying around detained migrants, as seen in the case of Laura Monterrosa. Visitation programs allow for an opening within the closed detention system for other people besides those living in its daily infrastructure and work to undo the complex detention system.

Citizen science and citizen energy communities are pluralistic terms that refer to a constellation of methods, projects, and outreach activities; however, citizen science and citizen energy communities are rarely, if ever, explicitly aligned. Our searches for "citizen science" and "energy" produced limited results and "citizen science" and "energy communities" produced zero. Therefore, to outline a future direction of citizen science, its potential alliances with energy communities, and their collaborative contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals, we performed a systematic literature review and analysis of "public participation" and "energy communities" using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRIMSA) guidelines. The results show four pathways through which current public participation in energy communities might be more explicitly aligned with citizen science projects: benefits and values, energy practices, intermediaries, and energy citizenship. Each of these pathways could engage citizen scientists in qualitative and quantitative research and increase scientific literacy about energy systems. Our call for citizen science to supplement current forms of participation builds from the "ecologies of participation" framework, itself an extension of co-productionist theories of science and technology studies. We conclude with a discussion of affordances and barriers to the alliances between citizen science and energy communities and their potential contributions to SDGs 7: Affordable and Clean Energy, 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, 13: Climate Action, and 17: Partnerships for the Goals.

El objetivo de este artículo es el de hacer una reflexión sobre las políticas públicas, su naturaleza, y el rol que con ellas desempeña el Estado. Presenta la idea de que las políticas públicas señalan un rumbo a la población. Dada la amplitud de la realidad social, económica y política a la que se dirige la acción del Estado, un tema central a discutir es la calidad en las políticas públicas. Discute el tema de los requerimientos metodológicos de las políticas públicas, así como la ejecución de las mismas. Señala que la realidad es cambiante, y que los procesos presentan giros sorpresivos. Hay contextos nuevos al darse transformaciones en el entorno internacional. La necesidad de lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible presenta un reto complejo, ante el cual una herramienta idónea para las políticas públicas es la planificación del desarrollo.