El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar los principios epistemológicos sobre los que se apoya el Paradigma de la Complejidad y la Teoría del Caos, así como también contextualizar su desarrollo en el marco del debate epistemológico actual. Este Paradigma aglutina a científicos de diversos campos de conocimiento que insisten en la conveniencia de adoptar nuevos modelos teóricos, metodológicos y, por ende, una nueva epistemología, que permita a la comunidad científica elaborar teorías más ajustadas de la realidad. Teorías que permitan diseñar (modelizar) y poner en prácticas modelos de intervención –social, sanitaria, educativa, política, económica, ambiental, cultural, etc.– más eficaces que ayuden a pilotar y regular las acciones individuales y colectivas. Subyace en esta actitud reformista un firme intento de reformar la racionalidad sobre la que la ciencia y la tecnología se han venido apoyando. ; The aim of this article is to show the epistemological principles on which Complexity Paradigm and Chaos Theory are based, as well as to provide a context for their development in the framework of the current epistemological debate. This Paradigm brings together scientists of different fields of knowledge that insist on the advisability of adopting new theoretical and methodological models, and, therefore, a new epistemology that allows the scientific community to develop accurate theories of reality. Theories that allow to design and implement models of more efficient interventions (social, health, educational, political, economical, environmental, cultural, etc.) that help to lead and regulate individual and collective actions. A strong attempt to reform the rationality on which science and technology have been based underlies this reformist attitude.
Effective time management plays a major role in the performance society, and not only psychological, but also socio-cultural and pedagogical factors are involved in students' effective organization of time. Mainstream scientific discourse has argued that effective learning depends to a large extent on students' organizational skills. However, researchers have paid scant attention to the socio-cultural and pedagogical aspects that are involved in the development of these skills. The purpose of this article is to critically analyze the dominant scientific narratives on the study of the effective use of time by students. To this end, this study was designed based on a critical review of the literature from 1990 to 2021. The Web of Science and Scopus databases were consulted. A total of 51 papers met the inclusion criteria. The results suggest that learning to organize and optimize academic time is important for social coordination, well-being and achievement of students' academic and life goals. However, the acceleration of instructional time has a major emotional impact on the school population. The conclusion is the need to investigate the subjective and collective experiences of students on the emotional impact that speed, work overload and multitasking have on their academic and personal lives.
This article analyzes Spain's educational policies in terms of emotional, social, and civic competencies. The need to teach these competencies at school is justified socially and pedagogically, and the way in which these competencies are implemented in Spanish and European school curricula is described. Spain's main political actions to promote social-emotional education are then described. The article concludes that for these programs to be effective, they must overcome a double challenge related to the practical implementation of competence-based curricula and transversal competencies assessment. Consequently, Europe as well as Spain must redouble their efforts (economic, instrumental, and in terms of assessment) to achieve their educational goals.
Participation in itself promotes individual autonomy and collective empowerment, and strengthens democracy in our societies. Recognised as a universal human right (1948), the right to participate is protected for child citizenship by international legislation introduced in the middle and last third of the twentieth century, which identifies children as subjects of rights. Studies on child and adolescent participation are based on the child rights-based approach, which recognises that children and adolescents are subjects of rights and social actors. This article set out to carry out a theoretical systematisation exercise on participation in general, focusing on child participation in particular, in light of other approaches considered complementary to the rights-based approach, but which have scarcely been used: Capabilities approach, the feminist approach and the intercultural approach based on a socio-critical reading. The results of the theoretical-conceptual analysis made it possible to link the concept of participation to those of agency and autonomy, as well as to highlight the inertia and cultural and institutional barriers that limit citizen participation processes, with special emphasis on the citizenship of women, children and adolescents. It is concluded that the participation of children refers to participation in an individual, collective and national capacity, presented and limited by binary or patriarchal and adult-centric stereotypes. These three approaches invite us, in short, to rethink child and adolescent participation and participatory practices in childhood based on the values of autonomy, responsibility, equality and diversity. ; La participación constituye un fin en sí mismo que redunda en la autonomía individual y empoderamiento colectivo, a la vez que es también un medio que fortalece la calidad democrática de nuestras sociedades. Reconocida como derecho universal humano (1948), el derecho a participar queda protegido para la ciudadanía infantil en la legislación internacional de mediados y último tercio del siglo XX que asume la infancia como sujeto de derechos. Los estudios acerca de la participación de este colectivo se apoyan en dicho reconocimiento jurídico para aproximarse a la realidad desde un enfoque de derechos donde niños, niñas y adolescentes constituyen actores sociales. Este artículo se propuso realizar un ejercicio de sistematización teórica acerca de la participación en general y de la participación infantil y adolescente en particular, a la luz de otros enfoques que consideramos complementarios al enfoque de derechos, pero escasamente explotados: el enfoque de capacidades, el enfoque feminista y el enfoque intercultural desde una lectura socio-crítica. Los resultados del análisis teórico-conceptual permitieron vincular el concepto de participación con los de agencia y autonomía, así como evidenciar las inercias y barreras sociales, culturales e institucionales que limitan los procesos participativos en la ciudadanía, con especial incidencia en las experiencias y vivencias de la infancia y la adolescencia. Se concluye que la participación de niños, niñas y adolescentes hace referencia a una capacidad individual, colectiva y territorial, expuesta y limitada por estereotipos binarios o patriarcales y adultocéntricos. Los tres enfoques planteados nos invitan, en definitiva, a repensar la participación infantil y adolescente desde los valores de autonomía, responsabilidad, igualdad y diversidad. ; A participação constitui um fim em si mesmo que resulta na autonomia individual e no empoderamento coletivo, ao mesmo tempo que é também um meio que fortalece a qualidade democrática das nossas sociedades. Reconhecida como direito universal humano (1948), o direito de participar é protegido para a cidadania infantil na legislação internacional de meados e último terço do século XX que assume a infância como sujeito de direitos. Os estudos sobre a participação da criança e do adolescente são apoiados na abordagem dos direitos da criança que assume que meninos, meninas e adolescentes são sujeito de direitos e atores sociais. Este artigo propôs-se realizar um exercício de sistematização teórica sobre a participação em geral e a participação infantil em particular, à luz de outras abordagens que consideramos complementares à abordagem de direitos, mas pouco exploradas: a abordagem de capacidades, a abordagem feminista e a abordagem intercultural desde uma leitura sócio-crítica. Os resultados da análise teórico-conceptual permitiram associar o conceito de participação aos de agência e da autonomia, bem como evidenciar as inércias e barreiras culturais e institucionais que limitam os processos participativos na cidadania, com especial incidência na cidadania da mulher e da infância e adolescência. Conclui-se que a participação de meninos, meninas e adolescentes refere-se a uma capacidade individual, coletiva e territorial, exposta e limitada por estereótipos binários ou patriarcais e adultocêntricos. Estas três abordagens convidam-nos, em última análise, a repensar a participação das crianças e dos adolescentes e as práticas participativas na infância, desde os valores da autonomia, responsabilidade, igualdade e diversidade.
[ES] a participación constituye un fin en sí mismo que redunda en la autonomía individual y empoderamiento colectivo, a la vez que es también un medio que fortalece la calidad democrática de nuestras sociedades. Reconocida como derecho universal humano (1948), el derecho a participar queda protegido para la ciudadanía infantil en la legislación internacional de mediados y último tercio del siglo XX que asume la infancia como sujeto de derechos. Los estudios acerca de la participación de este colectivo se apoyan en dicho reconocimiento jurídico para aproximarse a la realidad desde un enfoque de derechos donde niños, niñas y adolescentes constituyen actores sociales. Este artículo se propuso realizar un ejercicio de análisis teórico acerca de la participación en general y de la participación infantil y adolescente en particular, a la luz de otros enfoques que consideramos complementarios al enfoque de derechos, pero escasamente explotados: el enfoque de capacidades, el enfoque feminista y el enfoque intercultural desde una lectura socio-crítica. Los resultados del análisis teórico-conceptual permitieron vincular el concepto de participación con los de agencia y autonomía, así como evidenciar las inercias y barreras sociales, culturales e institucionales que limitan los procesos participativos en la ciudadanía, con especial incidencia en las experiencias y vivencias de la infancia y la adolescencia. Se concluye que la participación de niños, niñas y adolescentes hace referencia a una capacidad individual, colectiva y territorial, expuesta y limitada por estereotipos binarios o patriarcales y adultocéntricos. Los tres enfoques planteados nos invitan, en definitiva, a repensar la participación infantil y adolescente desde los valores de autonomía, responsabilidad, igualdad y diversidad. [EN] Participation in itself promotes individual autonomy and collective empower-ment, and strengthens democracy in our societies. Recognised as a universal human right (1948), the right to participate is protected for child citizenship by international legislation introduced in the middle and last third of the twentieth century, which identifies children as subjects of rights. Studies on child and adolescent participation are based on the child rights-based approach, which recognises that children and adolescents are subjects of rights and social actors. This article set out to carry out a theoretical systematisation exercise on par-ticipation in general, focusing on child participation in particular, in light of other approaches considered complementary to the rights-based approach, but which have scarcely been used: the capabilities approach, the feminist approach and the intercultural approach based on a socio-critical reading. The results of the theoretical-conceptual analysis made it possible to link the concept of participation to those of agency and autonomy, as well as to highlight the inertia and cultural and institutional barriers that limit citizen participation processes, with special emphasis on the citizenship of women, children and adolescents. It is concluded that the participation of children refers to participation in an individual, collective and national capacity, presented and limited by binary or patriarchal and adult-centric stereotypes. These three approaches invite us, in short, to rethink child and adolescent participation and partic-ipatory practices in childhood based on the values of autonomy, responsibility, equality and diversity.
Children's participation is a universal right recognised by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. This right corresponds to an image of children as social actors because of their relevant role in achieving inclusive, equitable, and sustainable development. Participation can take different forms and levels of involvement: consultative, collaborative, and child‐led. This study aimed to explore types and results of child‐led participatory practices. A scoping review was carried out to find out what evidence is available on child‐led participatory experiences. Based on 674 identified papers, a total of 33 studies met the inclusion criterion. The qualitative analysis employed in this review allowed us to explore the depth and themes of these experiences. The results obtained showed that the experiences analysed differed in (a) the research design and data collection methods of the studies, (b) the age of the participating children, (c) countries in which the experiences took place, (d) specific topics, and (e) outcomes. Moreover, they all shared a non‐adult‐centric view of children's capacities for transformative action. The review has contributed to improving our understanding of children's transformative capacities based on the possibilities offered by adults when they adopt a child‐rights approach and integrate co‐participatory approaches, encouraging us to rethink childhood from other cultural codes inspired by equality, recognition, and agency.
Children's policies at the local level stimulate initiatives in the municipalities to encourage child participation. In this article, we focus on the local political sphere as a space for the promotion of child participation and citizenship through digital mediation. It is in this immediate environment where the rights of children and adolescents are exercised and promoted. The study aims to analyse the contributions perceived by municipal leaders (elected officials and technical figures) of the digital environment and the uses they make of it to promote children's participation in the municipality. This study is part of a national project that includes as collaborating entities the International Association of Educating Cities (IACE) and Child Friendly Cities (CAI-Unicef). 279 subjects (191 technical figures and 88 elected officials) from 179 Spanish municipalities associated members of IACE and/or CAI. Data were collected in 2020. Two ad hoc designed questionnaires were applied. Two of the most significant results of the study are: (a) the finding of the variable that establishes differences between those technical figures that mediate children's participation with technological environments and those that do not; (b) the use made of the digital environment as an interactive space for informational purposes. It concludes on the need to rethink the digital environment as a participatory area and increasing the use of technology in support of children's citizenship.
Las políticas de infancia a nivel local dinamizan en los municipios iniciativas para impulsar la participación infantil. En este artículo nos centramos en la política local como espacio promotor de participación y ciudadanía infantil a través de la mediación digital ya que es, en ese entorno inmediato, donde los derechos de la infancia y la adolescencia se ejercitan y se promueven. El estudio persigue analizar qué aportaciones perciben los referentes municipales (cargos electos y figuras técnicas) del entorno digital y qué usos hacen de él para impulsar la participación infantil en el municipio. Este estudio forma parte de un proyecto nacional que cuenta como entidades colaboradoras a la Asociación Internacional de Ciudades Educadoras (AICE) y Ciudades Amigas de la Infancia (CAI-Unicef). Han participado en él 279 sujetos (191 figuras técnicas y 88 cargos electos) procedentes de 179 municipios españoles asociados a AICE y/o CAI. Los datos fueron recabados en 2020. Se aplicaron dos cuestionarios diseñados ad hoc. Dos de los resultados más significativos del estudio son: a) el hallazgo de la variable que establece diferencias entre aquellas figuras técnicas que median la participación infantil con entornos tecnológicos y con las que no lo hacen; b) el uso que se hace del entorno digital como espacio interactivo con fines informativos. Se concluye en la necesidad de repensar el entorno digital como un espacio participativo e incrementar el uso de la tecnología al servicio de la ciudadanía infantil ; Children's policies at the local level stimulate initiatives in the municipalities to encourage child participation. In this article, we focus on the local political sphere as a space for the promotion of child participation and citizenship through digital mediation. It is in this immediate environment where the rights of children and adolescents are exercised and promoted. The study aims to analyse the contributions perceived by municipal leaders (elected officials and technical figures) of the digital environment and the uses they make of it to promote children's participation in the municipality. This study is part of a national project that includes as collaborating entities the International Association of Educating Cities (IACE) and Child Friendly Cities (CAI-Unicef). 279 subjects (191 technical figures and 88 elected officials) from 179 Spanish municipalities associated members of IACE and/or CAI. Data were collected in 2020. Two ad hoc designed questionnaires were applied. Two of the most significant results of the study are: (a) the finding of the variable that establishes differences between those technical figures that mediate children's participation with technological environments and those that do not; (b) the use made of the digital environment as an interactive space for informational purposes. It concludes on the need to rethink the digital environment as a participatory area and increasing the use of technology in support of children's citizenship
Children's policies at the local level stimulate initiatives in the municipalities to encourage child participation. In this article, we focus on the local political sphere as a space for the promotion of child participation and citizenship through digital mediation. It is in this immediate environment where the rights of children and adolescents are exercised and promoted. The study aims to analyse the contributions perceived by municipal leaders (elected officials and technical figures) of the digital environment and the uses they make of it to promote children's participation in the municipality. This study is part of a national project that includes as collaborating entities the International Association of Educating Cities (IACE) and Child Friendly Cities (CAI Unicef). 279 subjects (191 technical figures and 88 elected officials) from 179 Spanish municipalities associated members of IACE and/or CAI. Data were collected in 2020. Two ad hoc designed questionnaires were applied. Two of the most significant results of the study are: (a) the finding of the variable that establishes differences between those technical figures that mediate children's participation with technological environments and those that do not; (b) the use made of the digital environment as an interactive space for informational purposes. It concludes on the need to rethink the digital environment as a participatory area and increasing the use of technology in support of children's citizenship.
