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This paper tests whether there is evidence of compression of morbidity using HRS data and analyzes the effects of this on the labor supply of older people. We find younger cohorts to suffer less from functional problems than older cohorts at given ages. Furthermore, we observe that instrumentalized disability has a negative effect on labor force participation. According to the cohort analysis and the multivariate analysis, it can be concluded that individuals will be able to work longer because of the delay in the onset of disability problems.

"In the paper the effect of self-reported life expectancy on retirement decisions is analysed. The objective is to see whether individuals who expect to live longer also decide to work longer in order to maintain certain consumption level during the overall retirement period." (author's abstract)

"In the paper the effect of self-reported life expectancy on retirement decisions is analysed. The objective is to see whether individuals who expect to live longer also decide to work longer in order to maintain certain consumption level during the overall retirement period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of short- and long-term unemployment on health satisfaction. The data source used for the analysis is the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) which, given its longitudinal structure, allows us to better overcome the problem of endogeneity.
Three different models are used in order to assess the effect of short and long-term unemployment and reemployment on health satisfaction. The results show that short-term unemployment has only a significant (and negative) effect for men, while for women, short-term unemployment does not have a significant effect on health satisfaction. Being unemployed for a long period has a significant and negative effect for both men and women. Finally, it can be also concluded from our empirical analysis that reemployment has a significant and positive effect on health satisfaction for both unemployed men and women, independent of how long individuals have been unemployed.

Zusammenfassung
Mithilfe der Versicherungskontenstichprobe (VSKT) der Deutschen Rentenversicherung werden Veränderungen der Rentenanwartschaften von Frauen verschiedener Geburtskohorten bis zum Alter von 41 Jahren untersucht. In Westdeutschland steigen trotz Beschäftigungszuwachs die Entgeltpunkte aus Beschäftigung nur unwesentlich und die Ungleichheit zwischen den Kohorten in den Rentenanwartschaften stagniert. In Ostdeutschland führen vor allem sinkende Anwartschaften aus Beschäftigung zu einer wachsenden Ungleichheit innerhalb der 1970 bis 1974 geborenen Frauen.
Abstract: Pension Claims of Women in Different Birth Cohorts: The Impact of Low Income Employment
We use the longitudinal data from records on contributions to the German statutory pension fund in order to analyse whether pension entitlements of women of different birth cohorts up until the age of 41 have changed. Our results show that pension claims in West Germany have stagnated despite the fact that participation in employment has increased from cohort to cohort. We also find that inequality in pension entitlements has remained at a similar level all through the period studied. Female employment participation of women in East Germany is shrinking for a large group of younger women and, as a consequence of this, inequality in pension entitlements is increasing within the youngest cohort.

In den Jahren 1996 bis 2008 wurden die arbeitsmarkt- und rentenpolitischen Reformen zur Steigerung der Erwerbstätigkeit in der zweiten Lebenshälfte von einem breiten Bündel alten- und engagementpolitischer Initiativen zur Förderung eines aktiven Alters begleitet. Nun wird untersucht, wie sich in diesem Zeitraum die Muster der Erwerbsbeteiligung und des Übergangs in den Ruhestand verändern. Am Beispiel des ehrenamtlichen Engagements und der außerhäuslichen Bildung wird aufgezeigt, wie sich institutionalisierte und politisch adressierte Muster außerberuflicher Partizipation in der Gesellschaft während dieses Zeitraums entwickeln. Abschließend wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Wirkungen die arbeitsmarkt-, renten-, engagement- und altenpolitischen Maßnahmen entfalten und ob sie möglicherweise konfligierende Zielsetzungen verfolgen. (ICE2).

ZusammenfassungDer Übergang in die Elternschaft markiert für viele Elternpaare den Übergang in geschlechterspezifische Erwerbsarrangements, oft unabhängig von der gelebten vorgeburtlichen Arbeitsteilung. Dabei können die Entscheidungen über die Erwerbsarrangements nach der Geburt des ersten Kindes richtungsgebend für die zukünftigen Erwerbsverläufe und Alterssicherung sein. Vor diesem Hintergrund fokussiert der Beitrag auf zwei Fragen: erstens, ob sich gerade für jüngere Elternpaare der in den 1980er-Jahren Geborenen eine Konvergenz in den Erwerbsverläufen nach dem Übergang in die Elternschaft im Vergleich zu den in den 1970er-Jahren geborenen Elternpaaren zeigt und zweitens, ob die Arbeitsteilung vor dem Übergang in die Elternschaft eine zunehmende Rolle für die Erwerbskonstellationen danach spielt. Unter Verwendung der Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) werden anhand sequenz-, cluster- und regressionsanalytischer Verfahren Erwerbsverläufe von 900 Paaren über 36 Monate nach dem Übergang in die Elternschaft analysiert. Für die Kohorte der in den 1980er-Jahren Geborenen setzt sich die Bedeutungsabnahme traditioneller Erwerbsarrangements fort. Zudem gibt es immer mehr Elternpaare, in denen beide Elternteile relativ schnell nach der Geburt eines Kindes in die Erwerbstätigkeit zurückkehren. Kaum zu beobachten ist, dass Väter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit zunehmend zugunsten einer stärkeren Einbindung in Haushalts- oder Familientätigkeiten einschränken. Hingegen scheinen die Konvergenzen in den Erwerbsverläufen zwischen Müttern und Vätern vielmehr ein Resultat zunehmender Erwerbsdiskontinuitäten zu sein. Darüber hinaus hat die vorgeburtliche Arbeitsteilung auch für die jüngeren Elternpaare einen eher geringen Einfluss auf ihre nachgeburtlichen Erwerbskonstellationen. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass der Abbau von geschlechterspezifischen Ungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt verstärkt voranzutreiben ist, damit weitere Anreize für die gleichmäßigere Erwerbsaufteilung im Paarkontext entstehen können.

Until the mid-1980s, labour markets in Germany were characterized by a high level of employment stability. Employment biographies of men were dominated by full-time employment in both East and West Germany and were hence quite similar in this respect, despite the two regions' enormously different institutional settings. Since that time however, important changes have occurred. Labour markets have become more flexible, as have employment biographies. However, the process towards de-standardization and increased discontinuity in employment biographies began in East Germany later than it did in the West. East German change started namely in 1990, when the German Democratic Republic was incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany. This study uses the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to analyse how men's employment patterns in Germany have changed over three different birth cohorts. Through the use of sequence analysis the authors not only observe an increase of non-standard episodes in such biographies, such as unemployment and part-time work, but also investigate whether employment biographies have on the whole become more discontinuous in nature. In addition, the authors analyse the main differences in trends observed in East as opposed to West Germany as a result of differing societal and economic changes. The results of this analysis show evidence of de-standardization in employment in both regions. However, this trend follows a separate path in each region, with the process being faster in East Germany than in the West. ; Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich / This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively. ; Hasta mediados de la década de 1980, los mercados de trabajo en Alemania se caracterizaban por un alto nivel de estabilidad en el empleo. Las biografías de empleo masculinas eran dominadas por empleos de tiempo completo, tanto en Alemania Oriental cuanto en Alemania Occidental y eran, por lo tanto, bastante similares a este respecto, a pesar de los entornos institucionales enormemente diferentes de las dos regiones. Desde entonces, sin embargo, se han producido cambios importantes. Los mercados de trabajo se han vuelto más flexibles, al igual que las biografías laborales. Sin embargo, el proceso hacia la desestandarización y el el creciente aumento de la discontinuidad en las biografías laborales comenzó en Alemania del Este, antes que en la del Oeste. El cambio en Alemania Oriental comenzó alrededor de 1990, cuando la República Democrática Alemana se incorporó a la República Federal de Alemania. Utilizamos el Panel Socioeconómico Alemán (SOEP) para analizar cómo los patrones de empleo de los hombres en Alemania han cambiado a lo largo de tres cohortes de nacimiento diferentes. El uso de análisis secuencial nos permite no sólo observar un aumento de los episodios no estándar en este tipo de biografías, tales como el trabajo y el desempleo a tiempo parcial, sino también investigar si las biografías laborales, en general, tienden naturalmente a ser más discontinuas. También analizamos las principales diferencias en las tendencias observadas en el Este a diferencia de Alemania Occidental como consecuencia de diferentes cambios sociales y económicos. El resultado de este análisis es que se observa evidencia de desestandarización en el empleo en ambas regiones. Sin embargo, esta tendencia sigue un camino distinto en cada región, siendo el proceso más rápido en Alemania del Este que en el Oeste.

PurposeThe goal of the paper is to investigate how reservation wages of older unemployed welfare recipients change once they are no longer subject to standard job search requirements.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply a regression discontinuity design.FindingsConsistent with theoretical predictions, the authors' findings indicate that eliminating job search requirements will tend to increase reservation wages.Practical implicationsThe results correspond to previous findings in the literature that monitoring leads to lower accepted wages and increased exits rates from unemployment, and that it may be a successful policy measure to keep older workers in the labor market.Originality/valueMonitoring of job search effort has been shown to be an effective method of activating unemployed people, but little evidence has been found on the effect of activation measures on older workers.

"The paper examines the combination of the German Aging Survey (Deutscher Alterssurvey - DEAS) with the Sample of Active Pension Accounts (Versicherungskontenstichprobe - VSKT), as an example of how survey results may be linked together with administrative data using statistical matching. Statistical matching is a technique increasingly being applied in order to combine information from different data sources where no linkage can be made between records based on any unique identifier. This might be due to confidentiality restrictions or attempts to avoid the high attrition rates connected with informed consent requirements. The aim of this matching is to provide a combined dataset that contains more information than the data sources would on their own. In their paper, the authors detail some preparatory steps for making this match, such as the definition and adjustment of matching variables. The steps they describe may well be worth challenging on the basis of the divergent characteristics of the two sets of data. The authors also outline the procedure they used to combine the data sources, based on the Mahalanobis distance vector. Finally, the authors assess the quality of the matching by comparing the individual pension amounts that they can extract from each of the two matching sources as our external criterion." (author's abstract)

Elderly people spend a lot of time at home. Housing conditions ensure their ability to participate in social life, especially when they suffer from mobility restrictions. Barrier-free access to the residence and to rooms within the residence is a key condition for their everyday mobility. As a result, this is what we define as minimal criteria for barrier-reduced residences. This article examines the extent to which people aged 65 and over (including people with mobility issues) live in barrier-reduced housing and what factors influence the chance of living in such residences.
Data and method:
Cross-sectional data from the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) 2020/21 (persons aged 65 and over, n=2,854) were used. The DEAS is a representative survey of the population aged 40 and over in Germany. In our analyses, we used logistic regression models to investigate the probability of living in a barrier-reduced residence. We defined housing as barrier-reduced when the apartment/house and the rooms inside it can be reached without steps or stairs. As explanatory variable, we considered mobility impairments, defined as limited ability to climb a flight of stairs. In addition, the model includes other individual factors (age, gender, equivalized household income), regional factors (living in East vs. West Germany, in urban vs. rural region) and moving to the current residence after the age of 65.
Results and discussion:
Of all individuals aged 65 or older, 19.3 percent live in a barrier-reduced residence. Also, of mobility-impaired elders, only 21.4 percent have such residences. The logistic regression results show that mobility impairments increase the probability of living in a barrier-reduced residence. East Germans are less likely to live in a barrier-reduced home. The likelihood of barrier-reduced living increases if seniors moved into their current residence after age 65. No significant differences were found for age groups, gender, household income and between urban and rural regions. The findings show that not enough seniors have barrier-reduced access to their homes and rooms, even if they suffer from mobility restrictions. Preventing functional limitations must therefore also include improvements in the residential environment, especially in disadvantaged residential areas.

This paper explores earnings inequalities within dual-earner couples in East and West Germany drawing on household-level panel data from 1992 to 2016. It has three aims: (1) to analyze how the partner pay gap (the pay gap between partners within one household) has developed over time, given institutional change, and whether the extent of inequality and temporal development vary between East and West Germany; (2) to explore variation in the partner pay gap by male partners' absolute earnings; and (3) to investigate the micro-level determinants of earnings inequalities within couples and determine whether their relevance varies between East and West Germany as well as by male partners' absolute earnings. We find women earn substantially less than their partners, and our regression results find no indication of a declining partner pay gap. Besides substantial variation between East and West Germany, our results also reveal important group-specific variation in the extent of the partner pay gap as well as in its determinants.

This study examines how within-couple inequalities, that is power differences between men and women in a partnership, act as predictors of transitions from full-time to part-time employment applying Heckman corrected probit models in three different institutional and cultural contexts; Eastern Germany, Western Germany and the United Kingdom. The analyses show that when women are in a weaker position within their relationships they are more likely to drop-out of full-time work, but that this propensity varies by context. The authors also find an increased tendency over time for women to leave full-time for part-time employment in both Eastern and Western Germany, but observe no such trend in the UK. This is suggestive of ongoing incompatibilities in the institutional support for equality in dual-earning in Germany. The study uses longitudinal data covering the period 1992 until 2012 from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for Germany and from the British Household Panel (BHPS) and the 'Understanding Society' data for the UK.