Suchergebnisse

Objetivo Describir y analizar el debate parlamentario español sobre inmigración y salud. Métodos Búsqueda sistemática de las iniciativas parlamentarias (IP) sobre inmigración e inmigración y salud desde el inicio del periodo democrático español en 1979 hasta 2007. Se aplicó un protocolo de recogida de información para identificar las características del debate parlamentario y los principales temas en las IP relacionadas con inmigración y salud. Se calcularon la proporción de IP de inmigración sobre el total de iniciativas y la proporción de población inmigrante sobre la población española por cada año de estudio. Resultados Se identificaron 4 022 IP sobre inmigración en el periodo estudiado. Se destaca la generación de datos estadísticos sobre aspectos que afectan a la población inmigrante (57,2 %). En 116 IP sobre inmigración y salud, destaca la discusión sobre estrategias de atención sanitaria (25 %) y el acceso a servicios de salud (24,1 %). El 94 % de estas IP fueron preguntas correspondientes a la función de control del gobierno. En 113 IP (97,4 %) sobre inmigración y salud no se tomaron decisiones. Junto a la presencia cada vez mayor de población inmigrante por año, no se observan cambios notorios en las IP sobre inmigración hasta el año 1996 y en inmigración y salud hasta 1999. Conclusión El debate sobre inmigración y salud es heterogéneo. Seria conveniente fomentar la discusión sobre estrategias para el fomento de la salud basadas en las necesidades de la población inmigrante. ; Objective Describing and analysing the Spanish Parliamentary debate on immigration and health. Methods A systematic search regarding parliamentary initiatives (PI) on immigration and immigration and health was conducted from the beginning of the Spanish democratic period (1979 to 2007). A protocol for collecting information was used to identify the parliamentary debate's main characteristics and the main topics related to PI concerning immigration and health. The PI immigration rate was calculated regarding the total rate of PI about the immigrant population based on the Spanish population per year. Results 4,022 PI concerning "immigration" were identified. The main content concerned statistical information about the immigrant population (57.2 %). 116 PI about "immigration and health" were analysed. The most frequently recurring topics were health-care strategies (25 %), health-service access (24.1 %) and epidemiological information (19.8 %). Most PI concerned questions related to the function of government control (94 %). No decisions were taken in 113 PI (97.4 %). Immigrant population rates increased per year; however, notable changes in PI regarding immigration were not observed until 1996 and PI about immigration and health until 1999. Conclusion The immigration and health debate on the parliamentary agenda is heterogeneous. It would seem necessary to increase parliamentary debate about strategies and action for promoting immigrant-based needs in health.

Objetivo Describir y analizar el debate parlamentario español sobre inmigración y salud.Métodos Búsqueda sistemática de las iniciativas parlamentarias (IP) sobre inmigración e inmigración y salud desde el inicio del periodo democrático español en 1979 hasta 2007. Se aplicó un protocolo de recogida de información para identificar las características del debate parlamentario y los principales temas en las IP relacionadas con inmigración y salud. Se calcularon la proporción de IP de inmigración sobre el total de iniciativas y la proporción de población inmigrante sobre la población española por cada año de estudio.Resultados Se identificaron 4 022 IP sobre inmigración en el periodo estudiado. Se destaca la generación de datos estadísticos sobre aspectos que afectan a la población inmigrante (57,2 %). En 116 IP sobre inmigración y salud, destaca la discusión sobre estrategias de atención sanitaria (25 %) y el acceso a servicios de salud (24,1 %). El 94 % de estas IP fueron preguntas correspondientes a la función de control del gobierno. En 113 IP (97,4 %) sobre inmigración y salud no se tomaron decisiones. Junto a la presencia cada vez mayor de población inmigrante por año, no se observan cambios notorios en las IP sobre inmigración hasta el año 1996 y en inmigración y salud hasta 1999.Conclusión El debate sobre inmigración y salud es heterogéneo. Seria conveniente fomentar la discusión sobre estrategias para el fomento de la salud basadas en las necesidades de la población inmigrante.

Objective. Exploring the self-perceptions of a group of migrants from Colombia living in Alicante, Spain, regarding their working conditions and health. Material and methods. This was a qualitative and descriptive research was conducted on a group of Colombian workers (with and without legal permission to work) having lived in Alicante (Spain) for more than 6 months. 11 interviews were carried out, plus 2 focal groups, from November 2006 to January 2007. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. A narrative analysis of the contents was carried out, a mixture of categories being obtained from different viewpoints. Results. Immigration was understood as being an action for improving an immigrant worker and family's socioeconomic conditions. Work and social recognition should lead to avoiding exclusion and discrimination. The people interviewed had associated their health problems with their living conditions. Such problems were considered to be a limitation on carrying out their daily activities. Conclusions. Working and health situations were perceived from a multi-dimensional perspective associated with biological and socio-cultural conditions. More political action should be taken for improving immigrant people's economic, work and health conditions. ; Objetivo. Explorar la autopercepción sobre condiciones laborales y salud en inmigrantes colombianos en Alicante, España. Material y método. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo mediante 11 entrevistas y 2 grupos de discusión en trabajadores con y sin permiso de trabajo y residencia de más de 6 meses en la provincia de Alicante (España), durante los meses de noviembre de 2006 a enero de 2007. Se realizó análisis narrativo de contenido y se obtuvieron categorías mixtas de acuerdo y disenso. Resultados. La inmigración es entendida como un proyecto para mejorar las condiciones socioeconómicas del trabajador inmigrante y su familia. El reconocimiento social y laboral puede evitar la aparición de fenómenos de exclusión y discriminación. Las personas entrevistadas asociaron sus problemas de salud con sus condiciones de vida, manifestando que constituyen limitaciones para la realización de actividades cotidianas. Conclusiones. La situación laboral y de salud es considerada desde una perspectiva multidimensional, asociada a condiciones biológicas y socioculturales. Sería necesaria una mayor acción política para mejorar la situación económica, laboral y de salud de la población inmigrante.

Objetivo: Explorar la autopercepción sobre condiciones laborales y salud en inmigrantes colombianos en Alicante, España. Material y método: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo mediante 11 entrevistas y 2 grupos de discusión en trabajadores con y sin permiso de trabajo y residencia de más de 6 meses en la provincia de Alicante (España), durante los meses de noviembre de 2006 a enero de 2007. Se realizó análisis narrativo de contenido y se obtuvieron categorías mixtas de acuerdo y disenso. Resultados: La inmigración es entendida como un proyecto para mejorar las condiciones socioeconómicas del trabajador inmigrante y su familia. El reconocimiento social y laboral puede evitar la aparición de fenómenos de exclusión y discriminación. Las personas entrevistadas asociaron sus problemas de salud con sus condiciones de vida, manifestando que constituyen limitaciones para la realización de actividades cotidianas. Conclusiones: La situación laboral y de salud es considerada desde una perspectiva multidimensional, asociada a condiciones biológicas y socioculturales. Sería necesaria una mayor acción política para mejorar la situación económica, laboral y de salud de la población inmigrante. ; Objective Exploring the self-perceptions of a group of migrants from Colombia living in Alicante, Spain, regarding their working conditions and health. Material and methods This was a qualitative and descriptive research was conducted on a group of Colombian workers (with and without legal permission to work) having lived in Alicante (Spain) for more than 6 months. 11 interviews were carried out, plus 2 focal groups, from November 2006 to January 2007. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. A narrative analysis of the contents was carried out, a mixture of categories being obtained from different viewpoints. Results Immigration was understood as being an action for improving an immigrant worker and family's socioeconomic conditions. Work and social recognition should lead to avoiding exclusion and discrimination. The people interviewed had associated their health problems with their living conditions. Such problems were considered to be a limitation on carrying out their daily activities. Conclusions: Working and health situations were perceived from a multi-dimensional perspective associated with biological and socio-cultural conditions. More political action should be taken for improving immigrant people's economic, work and health conditions. ; Conselleria de Empresa, Universidad y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana.

Background: We studied the frequency of physician visits in the native and immigrant populations in Spain before and after implementation of a governmental measure to restrict the use of public healthcare services by undocumented immigrants beginning in 2012. Methods: Data were taken from the 2009 and 2014 European Health Surveys carried out in Spain. We investigated any physician consultation in the last 4 weeks before the interview, as well as visits to a family physician, public specialist physician and private specialist physician. We estimated the frequency of visits in 2009 and in 2014 in the native and immigrant populations and the difference in the frequency between the two populations, by calculating the percentage ratio estimated by binomial regression and adjusted for different confounders that are indicators of the need for assistance. Results: The percentage of persons who consulted any physician in 2009 and 2014 was 31.7 and 32.9% in the native population, and 25.6 and 30.1% in the immigrant population, respectively. In the immigrant population, the frequency of visits to the general practitioner and public specialist physician increased, whereas in the native population only public specialist physician visits increased. The frequency of private specialist visits remained stable in both populations. After adjusting for the indicators of need for healthcare, no significant differences between the immigrant and native populations were seen in the frequency of visits, except for private specialist consultations, which were less frequent among immigrants. Conclusion: The restriction of universal healthcare coverage in Spain did not reduce the frequency of physician visits between 2009 and 2014, as the frequency of these consultations was seen to increase in both the native and immigrant populations. ; This study was supported by a grant from the "Plan Estatal de I + D, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain (no. CSO2017–83180-P).

The present study aims to examine the differences in daily fruit and vegetable consumption in the working population in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted, using data from the 2017 National Health Survey (n = 10,700 workers aged between 18 and 65 years). The daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was evaluated using two items included in a food frequency questionnaire. Occupations were classified into the 17 main groups of the National Classification of Occupations of 2011 (CNO-11). The prevalence (P) of daily fruit and vegetable consumption was calculated in relation to sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, work-related characteristics and occupations. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association, with simple and adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR). The P of daily consumption of fruit and vegetables in workers was 60% for fruit and 40% for vegetables. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviors, workers working night or rotating shifts had a lower consumption of fruits (aOR:0.9; p < 0.05), and those working on temporary contracts had a lower consumption of vegetables (aOR:0.8; p < 0.05). Engineers, scientists, health care workers and teachers had the highest fruit consumption (74.5%) and the highest vegetable consumption (55.1%). The lowest consumption of fruits was presented by the military (42.3%) and unskilled workers in the service sector (45.8%), and the lowest consumption of vegetables was presented by skilled construction workers (25.5%). These findings could aid in workplace health promotion and could be used in future studies to evaluate the impact of the activities adopted.

The present study aims to examine the differences in daily fruit and vegetable consumption in the working population in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted, using data from the 2017 National Health Survey (n = 10,700 workers aged between 18 and 65 years). The daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was evaluated using two items included in a food frequency questionnaire. Occupations were classified into the 17 main groups of the National Classification of Occupations of 2011 (CNO-11). The prevalence (P) of daily fruit and vegetable consumption was calculated in relation to sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, work-related characteristics and occupations. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association, with simple and adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR). The P of daily consumption of fruit and vegetables in workers was 60% for fruit and 40% for vegetables. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviors, workers working night or rotating shifts had a lower consumption of fruits (aOR:0.9; p < 0.05), and those working on temporary contracts had a lower consumption of vegetables (aOR:0.8; p < 0.05). Engineers, scientists, health care workers and teachers had the highest fruit consumption (74.5%) and the highest vegetable consumption (55.1%). The lowest consumption of fruits was presented by the military (42.3%) and unskilled workers in the service sector (45.8%), and the lowest consumption of vegetables was presented by skilled construction workers (25.5%). These findings could aid in workplace health promotion and could be used in future studies to evaluate the impact of the activities adopted.

Abstract Background Access to health services is an important health determinant. New research in health equity is required, especially amongst economic migrants from developing countries. Studies conducted on the use of health services by migrant populations highlight existing gaps in understanding which factors affect access to these services from a qualitative perspective. We aim to describe the views of the migrants regarding barriers and determinants of access to health services in the international literature (1997–2011). Methods A systematic review was conducted for Qualitative research papers (English/Spanish) published in 13 electronic databases. A selection of articles that accomplished the inclusion criteria and a quality evaluation of the studies were carried out. The findings of the selected studies were synthesised by means of metasynthesis using different analysis categories according to Andersen's conceptual framework of access and use of health services and by incorporating other emergent categories. Results We located 3,025 titles, 36 studies achieved the inclusion criteria. After quality evaluation, 28 articles were definitively synthesised. 12 studies (46.2%) were carried out in the U.S and 11 studies (42.3%) dealt with primary care services. The participating population varied depending mainly on type of host country. Barriers were described, such as the lack of communication between health services providers and migrants, due to idiomatic difficulties and cultural differences. Other barriers were linked to the economic system, the health service characteristics and the legislation in each country. This situation has consequences for the lack of health control by migrants and their social vulnerability. Conclusions Economic migrants faced individual and structural barriers to the health services in host countries, especially those with undocumented situation and those experimented idiomatic difficulties. Strategies to improve the structures of health systems and social policies are needed.

Objetivo: Explorar las percepciones de las mujeres inmigrantes trabajadoras del servicio doméstico sobre la puesta en vigor en España del Real Decreto 1620/2011, que regula la relación laboral del servicio del hogar familiar, y su efecto en sus condiciones de empleo. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio mediante análisis de contenido cualitativo. Se realizaron tres grupos de discusión con mujeres inmigrantes (colombianas, ecuatorianas y marroquíes). Resultados: A pesar de valorar positivamente los beneficios teóricos de la nueva normativa, las mujeres inmigrantes han identificado barreras legales y económicas para conseguir un contrato, ser dadas de alta en la seguridad social y que las personas empleadoras asuman su coste, en especial en el caso de las trabajadoras contratadas por horas. Estas dificultades influyen en la posibilidad de legalizar su situación. La confluencia con la crisis económica ha emergido como un problema que dificulta su cumplimiento. Conclusiones: Aunque el nuevo régimen ha favorecido la creación de puestos de trabajo con mayores derechos laborales en el sector, las mujeres inmigrantes perciben que su puesta en marcha en el actual contexto de crisis económica no ha contribuido a mejorar sus condiciones de empleo. ; Objective: To examine the perceptions of female immigrant domestic workers of the effect of Royal Decree 1620/2011, which regulates the relationship of domestic workers in the family home and their employment conditions in Spain. Methods: An exploratory study was performed using qualitative content analysis of three focus group discussions with immigrant women from Colombia, Ecuador and Morocco. Results: Immigrant women positively assessed the theoretical benefits of the new regulation, but identified legal and economic barriers to obtaining a contract and being registered in the social security system by their employers, and to employers accepting the cost of these measures, especially for workers hired by the hour. These difficulties affected their possibilities of legalizing their status. The economic crisis posed a serious challenge to compliance with the new regulation. Conclusions: Although the new regime encourages job creation with stronger working rights for these workers, immigrant women perceived that its implementation has been hampered by the current financial crisis and has not, therefore, improved their employment conditions. ; FIS (PI11/01192).

Objective: to understand the perceptions of domestic workers on the legislative changes and impacts on their working and health conditions. Method: a qualitative study, conducted in a city in the inland of São Paulo, between December 2016 and March 2017, conducted through individual interviews with 15 domestic workers, using the snowball strategy and theoretical saturation sampling. For data analysis, Hermeneutics-Dialectics was adopted. Results: domestic workers face precarious working and health conditions, permeated by a lack of information about their rights at work, as well as discrimination, devaluation, musculoskeletal problems, mental suffering and presenteeism. Improvements in recent years have been reported, but the workers claim greater reach for formal registration and valuation for domestic work. Conclusion: constant evaluation and dissemination of the legislative changes with the domestic workers is essential, so that chronic situations of devaluation and precariousness of domestic work are replaced by the empowerment and transformation capacity of these women. ; Objetivo: comprender las percepciones de las trabajadoras domésticas sobre los cambios legislativos y los efectos sobre sus condiciones laborales y de salud. Método: estudio cualitativo que se desarrolló en una ciudad del interior del estado de San Pablo entre diciembre de 2016 y marzo de 2017, realizado por medio de entrevistas individuales con 15 trabajadoras domésticas, y en el que se utilizó la estrategia de la bola de nieve y el muestreo por saturación teórica. Para analizar los datos se adoptó la Hermenéutica Dialéctica. Resultados: las trabajadoras domésticas hacen frente a una precarización de las condiciones de trabajo y de salud, permeadas por la escasez de informaciones sobre sus derechos en el trabajo, al igual que por discriminación, desvalorización laboral, problemas osteomusculares, sufrimiento mental y presentismo. Se reportan mejoras en los últimos años; sin embargo, las trabajadoras reclaman un mayor alcance del registro formal y de la valorización del trabajo doméstico. Conclusión: resulta fundamental que se evalúen y divulguen constantemente los cambios legislativos entre las trabajadoras domésticas, de modo que las situaciones crónicas de desvalorización y precarización del trabajo doméstico sean reemplazadas por el empoderamiento y la capacidad de transformación de estas mujeres. ; Objetivo: compreender as percepções de trabalhadoras domésticas sobre as mudanças legislativas e os impactos em suas condições laborais e de saúde. Método: estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido em uma cidade do interior paulista, entre dezembro de 2016 e março de 2017, realizado por meio de entrevistas individuais com 15 trabalhadoras domésticas, utilizando-se a estratégia bola de neve e amostragem por saturação teórica. Para a análise dos dados, adotou-se a Hermenêutica-Dialética. Resultados: as trabalhadoras domésticas enfrentam precarização das condições de trabalho e saúde, permeadas por escassez de informações sobre seus direitos no trabalho, bem como discriminação, desvalorização laboral, problemas osteomusculares, sofrimento mental e presenteísmo. Melhorias nos últimos anos foram relatadas, porém as trabalhadoras reivindicam maior alcance do registro formal e valorização do trabalho doméstico. Conclusão: torna-se fundamental uma constante avaliação e divulgação das mudanças legislativas junto às trabalhadoras domésticas, para que situações crônicas de desvalorização e precarização do trabalho doméstico sejam substituídas pelo empoderamento e pela capacidade de transformação dessas mulheres. ; Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES).

Objetivo: Los protocolos para la vigilancia de la salud de la población trabajadora constituyen una herramienta básica en la prevención de los riesgos laborales. Los recientes cambios normativos, junto al fuerte incremento del empleo remunerado en las mujeres, plantean la necesidad de revisar su aplicabilidad a las trabajadoras. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar estos protocolos desde una perspectiva de género. Método: Se ha analizado el diseño y el contenido de cuatro de los 19 protocolos publicados por el Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo por ocho personas expertas mediante una técnica de consenso estructurado en la que se aplicó una guía para la evaluación de la perspectiva de género basada en el Instrumento AGREE y dividida en cinco áreas generales y 14 ítems específicos. Resultados: De las cinco áreas consideradas, las mejor valoradas en los cuatro protocolos han sido alcance y objetivos, y participación, siendo las más débiles las de aplicabilidad, salud sexual y reproductiva y riesgos laborales. En los protocolos de Asma Laboral, Manipulación Manual de Cargas y Pantallas de Visualización de Datos seis de las ocho personas expertas recomiendan su mejora desde una perspectiva del género. En el protocolo de Plaguicidas se hace la misma recomendación por unanimidad de todos los expertos. Conclusión: Es necesario identificar los sesgos de género en los protocolos utilizados para la vigilancia de la salud de la población trabajadora e introducir los cambios necesarios. ; Background: Specific occupational health surveillance protocols are essential tools for the prevention of occupational hazards. Recent changes in legislation, coupled with a significant increase in women workforce, necessitate a review of these protocols with respect to their applicability to female workers. The aim of this article is to analyze existing Spanish occupational health surveillance protocols from a gender perspective. Methods: The design and content of four of the nineteen available protocols published by Spanish Ministry of Health were analyzed by eight experts through consensus techniques, using a Gender Perspective Guide based on the AGREE Instrument and evaluating each protocol in relation to five major areas and 14 individual items. Results: Of the five major areas, participation, and scope and objective obtained the best evaluations, while applicability, sexual and reproductive health, and occupational hazards yielded the poorest scores. For protocols used for Occupational Asthma, Manual Handling of Loads and Data Computer Screens, six out of the eight experts recommended review and improvement from a gender perspective. For the protocol regarding Pesticides, this same recommendation was supported unanimously. Conclusions: Gender biases need to be identified, and changes recommended when necessary, in the Spanish protocols for occupational health surveillance.

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041), (FIS-PI13/2429, PI041436, PI042018, PI06/0867, PI07/0252, PI08/1151, PI09/02311, y FIS-FEDER 03/1615, 04/1509, 04/1112, 04/1931, 05/1079, 05/1052, 06/1213, 07/0314, 09/02647, y MS13/00054), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, Conselleria de Sanitat, Generalitat Valenciana, Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco (2005111093 y 2009111069), Gobierno Provincial de Guipúzcoa (DFG06/004 and DFG08/001), Obra Social Cajastur, Universidad de Oviedo, European Union Commission (QLK4-1999-01422, QLK4-2002-00603 and CONTAMED FP7-ENV-212502), Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (183/07), y Fundació Roger Torné.

Fundamentos: Los estudios publicados no son concluyentes sobre el impacto de determinadas exposiciones ocupacionales en el embarazo, evidenciando la necesidad de considerar el doble rol, profesional y familiar, de las mujeres. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la situación laboral y de la carga doméstica de trabajo en la duración de la gestación y en el desarrollo fetal. Métodos: Mediante modelos de regresión univariante y multivariante, se estudió la asociación entre partos pretérmino (PPT) (<37 semanas), recién nacidos con bajo peso a término (BPT) (<2500g) y pequeños para su edad gestacional (PEG) (