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AbstractThere have been significant recent developments in media produced by football fans, from social media and online magazines to podcasts, YouTube channels and live events. 21st century technologies have facilitated new types of supporter-produced media, rendering the means of production more accessible to fans. In Liverpool, fan channels have emerged, influenced by the city's musical heritage and political and cultural identity. For instance, modern events such as Boss Night and podcasts produced by The Anfield Wrap (TAW) have helped provide an authentic voice for the city's contemporary football culture, political identity and connected social activism. Due to globalised media networks, they can also offer an educational mobilising hub for those interested in Liverpool's current idiosyncratic cultural and political civic context. This research is informed by literature on fan media and activism and draws on collective identity theory and Bourdieu's notion of habitus. In-depth interviews were conducted with experienced supporters and various individuals closely associated with the production of fan media. Structurally, the paper outlines Liverpool's historical, cultural, sporting and fan media context. It then analyses data detailing the evolution of Boss Mag to Boss Night events and examining The Anfield Wrap as an innovative site of content creation. Contextually, the paper explores fan activism through the mediatised protest of Liverpool's ownership and collective expressions of political identity. Finally, it draws on the experiences of supporters at the 2022 Champions League final in Paris and the use of technology and fan media in capturing and responding to the mistreatment of supporters.

Purpose
– Peace promotion can include culturally relevant community programming. Some agencies have used sports such as football, for example, as a vehicle for fostering social development in fractured societies. This paper explores a football project implemented in Beslan, Russia following a 2004 terrorist attack. The purpose of this paper is to examine the approach adopted and the appropriateness of using football as a tool to promote peace amongst survivors of terrorism. It also focuses on the wider impact and significance of projects in comparable contexts.


Design/methodology/approach
– This qualitative work examines interview data obtained from eight UK-based staff and two Russian project translators. Each British interviewee also participated in a focus group with their colleagues, which is explored here also.


Findings
– Football-based interventions can have beneficial outcomes in certain conditions. It is important to consider contextual nuances, the degree of cultural significance and the various necessary conditions. The use of sport for peace promotion and other forms of social involvement are reliant on a variety of components, including the design and implementation of projects and the quality of staff, together with several environmental, logistical, relational and socio-political factors.


Originality/value
– Despite the increase in sport-for-development initiatives, meaningful research in this context is lacking. This is particularly the case in relation to peace promotion. This paper addresses a variety of challenges, approaches and outcomes associated with such projects. This work is uniquely positioned, analysing a neglected political context; it deliberately examines an atypical, exploratory, problematic initiative executed in a dangerous environment and addresses many of the questions posed through such work.

Popular accounts of 'football hooliganism' have identified the phenomenon as being harmful and damaging for both the sport of football and the interests of spectators who attend matches. As a result, it has been generally assumed that 'non-hooligan' supporters disapprove of their hooligan counterparts and their activities. However, this one-sided account does not recognize the views of a significant proportion of match-going fans who consistently express positive attitudes towards the 'hooligans' who follow their team. Based on a series of ethnographic studies of football fans from 1995 to 2010, this article casts light on the positive role that hooligans are perceived to perform by many fans who attend home and away matches with their club. The research demonstrated that hooligans were believed to play vital roles in distraction, protection and reputation for many non-hooligan fans and even when fans did express disapproval of 'hooligan' activity, this was often for practical rather than moral reasons. Furthermore, fans who express positive attitudes to hooliganism – or 'hoolifans' – have to be acknowledged and understood if the problem of football crowd disorder is to be controlled.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics on 25 Feb 2016, available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2016.1150868 ; Through the use of document analysis, field work and semi-structured interviews at five major tournaments in Asia, North America, Europe and South America, the paper examines the perspectives of international football supporters on the Fédération Internationale de Football Association's (FIFA) decision to award the 2022World Cup finals to the State of Qatar. The paper is separated into five sections. First we ground Qatar's sporting strategy within the concept of 'soft power', as well as pinpoint the negative consequences that have manifest since the state's acquisition of the 2022 finals. Second, we disclose and defend our chosen data collection strategy. Third, we uncover and discuss our results with reference to three key themes: the state's suitability as a football destination; the dubious awarding of the 2022 World Cup; and, Qatar's cultural backdrop and domestic policies. Fourth, we align our findings to Qatar's foreign policy intentions and 'soft disempowerment' consequences, locating in the process the opportunities and challenges that accompany the state's hosting of the 2022 finals. We conclude by reflecting upon the contribution we have made here, as well as acknowledging the importance of Qatar for current and future sports mega-event research.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics on 23 January 2018, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/19406940.2018.1425732. ; There have been a number of recent policies in the UK which have attempted to capitalise on the benefits that sport potentially offers for health and wellbeing. These are, however, set against a somewhat incongruous backdrop of reductions in opportunities to participate, resulting from the ongoing constraints on public spending associated with austerity. In response to these constraints, an increasing number of third sector sports organisations (TSSOs) have emerged to fill some of the gaps left by the public services that local authorities are no longer able deliver. This research draws on the experiences of one of those TSSOs, Target Football, a Community Interest Company located in Princes Park, Liverpool, one of the most deprived neighbourhoods in the UK. Drawing upon six-years of ethnographic research, and a posteriori semi-structured interviews, this paper examines the ways in which this TSSO has navigated – and continues to navigate – the contextual uncertainty arising from austerity, to sustain sports provision inn an environment where opportunities have declined in recent years. Underpinned by stakeholder theory, this research examines the relationships that exist between organisations and their stakeholders, and frames these in relation to power, legitimacy, and urgency. The findings provide insight into the significant obstacles that challenge the survival of TSSOs in the context of a scarcity of resources. From a more practical perspective, these findings also provide critical insight into David Cameron's aspiration 'to do more with less'.

1 Interpreting sport and transition in post-socialist and post-Soviet Europe: States, nations and markets ÁLVARO RODRÍGUEZ-DÍAZ, JOEL ROOKWOOD AND EKAIN ROJO-LABAIEN PART 1: Neoliberal sport in the post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe 2 The transformation of sport in post-communist Hungary: A transitology-informed approach GYOZO MOLNAR AND TAMÁS DÓCZI 3 The politics of sport in Poland after 1945: From socialist mass sports to market-oriented elite sports? JACEK DROZDA, KRZYSZTOF JASKULOWSKI AND PIOTR MAJEWSKI 4 Sport as a mirror of society: The case of Croatia SUNCICA BARTOLUCI 5 Capacities for change: Insights into the Lithuanian sports system 60 VILMA CINGIENE AND RENATAS MIZERAS PART 2 Sport transition from the socialist state to the open market 6 The Romanian sport system: Paths to commercialisation LÁSZLÓ PÉTER 7 Playing in long shadows: Bosnian sport after Yugoslavia, socialism and war RICHARD MILLS 8 Sport and physical activity in post-communist Albania PHILIPPA VELIJA 9 Sport in post-socialist Ukraine MARYNA KRUGLIAK AND OLEKSANDR KRUGLIAK 10 Statehood, nationalism and separatism: The role and meaning of sport in Georgia and its breakaway republics JOEL ROOKWOOD PART 3 Post-Soviet presidentialism and sport mega events 11 Sport in the political and economic transition in Belarus: State nationalism and mega events ÁLVARO RODRÍGUEZ-DÍAZ 12 Seeking out a nation?: Sport policy changes in post-Soviet Russia VITALII GOROKHOV 13 Russia and the politics of extraverted urbanism in the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2018 World Cup OLEG GOLUBCHIKOVAND SVEN DANIELWOLFE 14 Oil-funded sports events as the embodiment of the evolution of post-Soviet Azerbaijan EKAIN ROJO-LABAIEN 15 Sports politics in authoritarian regimes: The synergies of sport, ideology and personality cult in Turkmenistan SLAVOMÍR HORÁK 16 Sport, transition and nation-state building: Evidence from post- Soviet and post-socialist states 268 JOEL ROOKWOOD, EKAIN ROJO-LABAIEN AND ÁLVARO RODRÍGUEZ-DÍAZ Index