Suchergebnisse

Because of its peculiar biology, its negative impacts on forestry, and its urticating larvae affecting human and animal health, pine processionary moth has largely been studied in many European countries during the last century. However, knowledge remained scattered and no synthesis has ever been published. Moreover, the predictions sometimes appear inconsistent with the present situation where warming up is triggering the expansion in both latitude and altitude of this species showing a winter larval development very sensitive to weak variations in temperatures. Thus, this forest pest is turning to an urban sanitary threat. Since the IPCC retained the moth as one of the two insect indicators of climate change, filling this knowledge gap became increasingly important. Successive projects developed since 2000 at the European and French levels (ANR URTICLIM) made large progresses in characterizing the processes underlying past, present and future moth expansion, in precising the adaptive mechanisms acting during expansion, in predicting the risks for specific biodiversity as well as for human and animal populations, and in identifying management methods adapted to the colonized areas. The international network PCLIM (International research network about the adaptive response of processionary moths and their associated organisms to global change') was then founded by INRA in 2011, with the publishing of this book as a major target. It associates 101 authors from 22 countries of Europe, Minor Asia and North Africa, combining all the concerned research fields (entomology, ecology, genetics, mathematical modelling, medical and veterinary science, pest management) in a multidisciplinary approach of the natural history, genetics, phylogeography, impact on all organisms (tree, insect biodiversity, humans, animals), risk modelling, and management strategies for pine processionary moth. Besides, the major biological patterns of the related processionary species are detailed

The project aimed at contributing to understand the ecological and genetic mechanisms underlying the possibilities of establishment of exotic insects in the genus Megastigmus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), specialized in the exploitation of forest seeds, and at defining suitable methods of monitoring and management of the invasive insect populations. For that, we intended to compare two distinct models host seed/ Megastigmus, crossing different first date of invasion and taxonomic structure of the forests: (i) true firs (Abies)/Megastigmus where the resource, indigenous, is exploited by a native species, M. suspectus, in competition with at least 5 invasive species of North American origin, and (ii) true cedars (Cedrus)/Megastigmus where the resource, itself exotic, is exploited by 2 invasive species without native candidates. In a large seed sampling, involving 169 Abies stands in France and 55 in other European countries (Germany, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Spain, Greece, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, Tchéquie) and from the Middle East (Lebanon, Turkey), 90% of the seed lots presented chalcid damage, with a rate of attack higher than 50% in ca. 1/3 of them. On the whole, 5 invasive species coming from North America were observed (M. rafni, M. pinus, M. milleri, M. specularis, and M. lasiocarpae) beside the native species M. suspectus. At present, exotic chalcids largely predominate in Western Europe, displacing the native seed chalcids. M. rafni appears to be the most important species especially in natural fir stands with a much larger range than in the 1990s. In a similar way on Cedar, the exotic species M. schimitscheki, largely expanded since its introduction in the early 1990s and it supplants from now the other species introduced since a longer date (years 1950), M. pinsapinis, who was the only species observed in the years 1980. Several biological features likely to be implied in the apparent competitive superiority of both M. rafni and M. schimitscheki were examined in comparison to these of native species and dominated exotic species: length of female ovipositor, capability of developing in unpollenated seeds, parthenogenesis, phenology of adult emergence, prolonged diapause. These elements appear relatively contradictory between them to explain the statute dominating of M. rafni, at least. For instance the species has the longest ovipositor, allowing it to oviposit in all cone species independently of cone size, and is capable of developing until adult in unpollenated seeds. However, it is the latest species to emerge and it is not a thelytokous species conversely to the native M. suspectus. Bag tests were carried out using simultaneously or not the different species to look for resource sharing but the results will be available only during summer 2006 following adult emergence. On cedar, the same bagging experiments showed a division of the niche between M. schimitscheki and M. pinsapinis. Both prefer the apical part of the cone in non-competition situation but when the two species are placed in the same bag, their attacks added on the apical part rather than distribute on the cone. When insects from North America were compared with these of Europe using mtDNA sequencing (cyt b), it appeared with no doubt that the individuals present in Europe belong well to North-American species, in particular M. milleri who was regarded as absent from Europe until the end of 1990s. This study in addition showed that the species M. pinus, presents in many European sites, has two haplotypes very different, suggesting two cryptic species. A phylogeographic study of M. rafni using both mitochondrial and nuclear markers EF-1alpha elongation gene, ITS2) showed the existence of two distinct clades separated by strong genetic distances (3.5%), suggesting different routes of invasion. A set of 6 microsatellite markers was used to analyse the genetic structure of the populations of M. rafni in the areas of origin and invasion. The results suggested an absence of structure according to the fir host species, but a clear differentiation of the Danish populations, which have a very low variability, suggesting a probable bootleneck. On Cedrus, 5 loci microsatelittes were used to study the genetic structuring of the populations of Megastigmus schimitscheki. Populations of the native zone (Cyprus, Turkey) were highly polymorphic and spatially structured, and largely differentiated from those of the introduction zone of southeastern France, fewly polymorphic. We suggested a strong bottleneck connected to a recent and limited introduction, even limited to only one origin. Only two of these populations show a stronger differentiation however, and are both located on the current face of expansion in direction of the Alps of the South. The invasive history of the exotic species on Cedar and fir trees thus appears largely different. The additional impact of the invasive exotic species on the potential of natural regeneration of the European fir plantations is quantitatively consequent. Whereas in the years 1980, seed damage by M. suspectus very seldom exceeded 15%, percentages of attack higher than 50% are not rare any more (17.6% of the cases) due to the addition of the exotic species. On the other hand, the qualitative impact on the genetic pool of the fir plantations seemed much more limited. In particular, self-fertilized fir trees were equally infested as cross-fertilized trees. On a more general level, the taxonomic closeness of the native trees with respect to original host of the exotic insect seemed to constitute a relevant criterion to estimate the probability of establishment of exotic insects associated to forest trees. We also developed simple and cheap methods for monitoring insect infestation in seed lots at importation, based on differential flotation in solvents related to seed density. A booklet will be published gathering these data. We expect it could help in defining regulations at importation of forest seeds whereas such regulations do not exit in th European Union yet, and thus favour invasion of exotic seed insects

An inventory of host tree species of the pine processionnary moth was carried out in an urban area embedded within both forest andarable areas in order to assess the impact of trees outside forest (TOF) upon landscape connectivity for this forest insect.In comparison with the neighbouring forests, the number of pines, cedars and douglas firs found in thestudy site was low but tree density was high enough to generate a high level of connectivity of the potential host tree species of the moth. Moreover, the most attacked trees are the most planted ones. The highest proportion of trees in this inventory was found in private gardens. Public policies aiming to manage this pest species by modifying ornamental planting practices need to take in account the private part of the urban tree patrimony. ; Un inventaire des arbres-hôtes de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)aété réalisé dans une zone urbaine située entre forêts et open-fields afin d'évaluer le rôle des arbres hors forêts (AHF) dans la circulation de cet insecte à impact économique et sanitaire. Nos résultats montrent que les pins, cèdres et douglas en ville ne représentent numériquement qu'une fraction minime des arbres présents dans la région. Mais, avec une densité de plus d'un arbre et demi à l'hectare, ils sont en quantité suffisante pour générer une bonne connectivité du milieu urbain, d'autant que les arbres les plus attaqués sont les plus plantés. La plus grande proportion de ces arbres se rencontre dans les jardins de particuliers.Des politiques communales visant à gérer les populations deprocessionnaire du pin en faisant évoluer les pratiques ornementales devrontdonc nécessairement prendre en considération la composante privée du patrimoine arboré.

AN INVENTORY OF HOST TREE SPECIES OF THE PINE PROCESSIONARY MOTH AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN URBAN, FOREST AND ARABLE AREAS An inventory of host tree species of the pine processionnary moth was carried out in an urban area embedded within both forest andarable areas in order to assess the impact of trees outside forest (TOF) upon landscape connectivity for this forest insect.In comparison with the neighbouring forests, the number of pines, cedars and douglas firs found in thestudy site was low but tree density was high enough to generate a high level of connectivity of the potential host tree species of the moth. Moreover, the most attacked trees are the most planted ones. The highest proportion of trees in this inventory was found in private gardens. Public policies aiming to manage this pest species by modifying ornamental planting practices need to take in account the private part of the urban tree patrimony. ; Un inventaire des arbres-hôtes de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)aété réalisé dans une zone urbaine située entre forêts et open-fields afin d'évaluer le rôle des arbres hors forêts (AHF) dans la circulation de cet insecte à impact économique et sanitaire. Nos résultats montrent que les pins, cèdres et douglas en ville ne représentent numériquement qu'une fraction minime des arbres présents dans la région. Mais, avec une densité de plus d'un arbre et demi à l'hectare, ils sont en quantité suffisante pour générer une bonne connectivité du milieu urbain, d'autant que les arbres les plus attaqués sont les plus plantés. La plus grande proportion de ces arbres se rencontre dans les jardins de particuliers.Des politiques communales visant à gérer les populations deprocessionnaire du pin en faisant évoluer les pratiques ornementales devrontdonc nécessairement prendre en considération la composante privée du patrimoine arboré.

An inventory of host tree species of the pine processionnary moth was carried out in an urban area embedded within both forest andarable areas in order to assess the impact of trees outside forest (TOF) upon landscape connectivity for this forest insect.In comparison with the neighbouring forests, the number of pines, cedars and douglas firs found in thestudy site was low but tree density was high enough to generate a high level of connectivity of the potential host tree species of the moth. Moreover, the most attacked trees are the most planted ones. The highest proportion of trees in this inventory was found in private gardens. Public policies aiming to manage this pest species by modifying ornamental planting practices need to take in account the private part of the urban tree patrimony. ; Un inventaire des arbres-hôtes de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)aété réalisé dans une zone urbaine située entre forêts et open-fields afin d'évaluer le rôle des arbres hors forêts (AHF) dans la circulation de cet insecte à impact économique et sanitaire. Nos résultats montrent que les pins, cèdres et douglas en ville ne représentent numériquement qu'une fraction minime des arbres présents dans la région. Mais, avec une densité de plus d'un arbre et demi à l'hectare, ils sont en quantité suffisante pour générer une bonne connectivité du milieu urbain, d'autant que les arbres les plus attaqués sont les plus plantés. La plus grande proportion de ces arbres se rencontre dans les jardins de particuliers.Des politiques communales visant à gérer les populations deprocessionnaire du pin en faisant évoluer les pratiques ornementales devrontdonc nécessairement prendre en considération la composante privée du patrimoine arboré.

AN INVENTORY OF HOST TREE SPECIES OF THE PINE PROCESSIONARY MOTH AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN URBAN, FOREST AND ARABLE AREAS An inventory of host tree species of the pine processionnary moth was carried out in an urban area embedded within both forest andarable areas in order to assess the impact of trees outside forest (TOF) upon landscape connectivity for this forest insect.In comparison with the neighbouring forests, the number of pines, cedars and douglas firs found in thestudy site was low but tree density was high enough to generate a high level of connectivity of the potential host tree species of the moth. Moreover, the most attacked trees are the most planted ones. The highest proportion of trees in this inventory was found in private gardens. Public policies aiming to manage this pest species by modifying ornamental planting practices need to take in account the private part of the urban tree patrimony. ; Un inventaire des arbres-hôtes de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)aété réalisé dans une zone urbaine située entre forêts et open-fields afin d'évaluer le rôle des arbres hors forêts (AHF) dans la circulation de cet insecte à impact économique et sanitaire. Nos résultats montrent que les pins, cèdres et douglas en ville ne représentent numériquement qu'une fraction minime des arbres présents dans la région. Mais, avec une densité de plus d'un arbre et demi à l'hectare, ils sont en quantité suffisante pour générer une bonne connectivité du milieu urbain, d'autant que les arbres les plus attaqués sont les plus plantés. La plus grande proportion de ces arbres se rencontre dans les jardins de particuliers.Des politiques communales visant à gérer les populations deprocessionnaire du pin en faisant évoluer les pratiques ornementales devrontdonc nécessairement prendre en considération la composante privée du patrimoine arboré.

AN INVENTORY OF HOST TREE SPECIES OF THE PINE PROCESSIONARY MOTH AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN URBAN, FOREST AND ARABLE AREAS An inventory of host tree species of the pine processionnary moth was carried out in an urban area embedded within both forest andarable areas in order to assess the impact of trees outside forest (TOF) upon landscape connectivity for this forest insect.In comparison with the neighbouring forests, the number of pines, cedars and douglas firs found in thestudy site was low but tree density was high enough to generate a high level of connectivity of the potential host tree species of the moth. Moreover, the most attacked trees are the most planted ones. The highest proportion of trees in this inventory was found in private gardens. Public policies aiming to manage this pest species by modifying ornamental planting practices need to take in account the private part of the urban tree patrimony. ; Un inventaire des arbres-hôtes de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)aété réalisé dans une zone urbaine située entre forêts et open-fields afin d'évaluer le rôle des arbres hors forêts (AHF) dans la circulation de cet insecte à impact économique et sanitaire. Nos résultats montrent que les pins, cèdres et douglas en ville ne représentent numériquement qu'une fraction minime des arbres présents dans la région. Mais, avec une densité de plus d'un arbre et demi à l'hectare, ils sont en quantité suffisante pour générer une bonne connectivité du milieu urbain, d'autant que les arbres les plus attaqués sont les plus plantés. La plus grande proportion de ces arbres se rencontre dans les jardins de particuliers.Des politiques communales visant à gérer les populations deprocessionnaire du pin en faisant évoluer les pratiques ornementales devrontdonc nécessairement prendre en considération la composante privée du patrimoine arboré.

An inventory of host tree species of the pine processionnary moth was carried out in an urban area embedded within both forest andarable areas in order to assess the impact of trees outside forest (TOF) upon landscape connectivity for this forest insect.In comparison with the neighbouring forests, the number of pines, cedars and douglas firs found in thestudy site was low but tree density was high enough to generate a high level of connectivity of the potential host tree species of the moth. Moreover, the most attacked trees are the most planted ones. The highest proportion of trees in this inventory was found in private gardens. Public policies aiming to manage this pest species by modifying ornamental planting practices need to take in account the private part of the urban tree patrimony. ; Un inventaire des arbres-hôtes de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)aété réalisé dans une zone urbaine située entre forêts et open-fields afin d'évaluer le rôle des arbres hors forêts (AHF) dans la circulation de cet insecte à impact économique et sanitaire. Nos résultats montrent que les pins, cèdres et douglas en ville ne représentent numériquement qu'une fraction minime des arbres présents dans la région. Mais, avec une densité de plus d'un arbre et demi à l'hectare, ils sont en quantité suffisante pour générer une bonne connectivité du milieu urbain, d'autant que les arbres les plus attaqués sont les plus plantés. La plus grande proportion de ces arbres se rencontre dans les jardins de particuliers.Des politiques communales visant à gérer les populations deprocessionnaire du pin en faisant évoluer les pratiques ornementales devrontdonc nécessairement prendre en considération la composante privée du patrimoine arboré.

Un inventaire des arbres-hôtes de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)aété réalisé dans une zone urbaine située entre forêts et open-fields afin d'évaluer le rôle des arbres hors forêts (AHF) dans la circulation de cet insecte à impact économique et sanitaire. Nos résultats montrent que les pins, cèdres et douglas en ville ne représentent numériquement qu'une fraction minime des arbres présents dans la région. Mais, avec une densité de plus d'un arbre et demi à l'hectare, ils sont en quantité suffisante pour générer une bonne connectivité du milieu urbain, d'autant que les arbres les plus attaqués sont les plus plantés. La plus grande proportion de ces arbres se rencontre dans les jardins de particuliers.Des politiques communales visant à gérer les populations deprocessionnaire du pin en faisant évoluer les pratiques ornementales devrontdonc nécessairement prendre en considération la composante privée du patrimoine arboré. ; AN INVENTORY OF HOST TREE SPECIES OF THE PINE PROCESSIONARY MOTH AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN URBAN, FOREST AND ARABLE AREAS An inventory of host tree species of the pine processionnary moth was carried out in an urban area embedded within both forest andarable areas in order to assess the impact of trees outside forest (TOF) upon landscape connectivity for this forest insect.In comparison with the neighbouring forests, the number of pines, cedars and douglas firs found in thestudy site was low but tree density was high enough to generate a high level of connectivity of the potential host tree species of the moth. Moreover, the most attacked trees are the most planted ones. The highest proportion of trees in this inventory was found in private gardens. Public policies aiming to manage this pest species by modifying ornamental planting practices need to take in account the private part of the urban tree patrimony.

Un inventaire des arbres-hôtes de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)aété réalisé dans une zone urbaine située entre forêts et open-fields afin d'évaluer le rôle des arbres hors forêts (AHF) dans la circulation de cet insecte à impact économique et sanitaire. Nos résultats montrent que les pins, cèdres et douglas en ville ne représentent numériquement qu'une fraction minime des arbres présents dans la région. Mais, avec une densité de plus d'un arbre et demi à l'hectare, ils sont en quantité suffisante pour générer une bonne connectivité du milieu urbain, d'autant que les arbres les plus attaqués sont les plus plantés. La plus grande proportion de ces arbres se rencontre dans les jardins de particuliers.Des politiques communales visant à gérer les populations deprocessionnaire du pin en faisant évoluer les pratiques ornementales devrontdonc nécessairement prendre en considération la composante privée du patrimoine arboré. ; An inventory of host tree species of the pine processionnary moth was carried out in an urban area embedded within both forest andarable areas in order to assess the impact of trees outside forest (TOF) upon landscape connectivity for this forest insect.In comparison with the neighbouring forests, the number of pines, cedars and douglas firs found in thestudy site was low but tree density was high enough to generate a high level of connectivity of the potential host tree species of the moth. Moreover, the most attacked trees are the most planted ones. The highest proportion of trees in this inventory was found in private gardens. Public policies aiming to manage this pest species by modifying ornamental planting practices need to take in account the private part of the urban tree patrimony.

AN INVENTORY OF HOST TREE SPECIES OF THE PINE PROCESSIONARY MOTH AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN URBAN, FOREST AND ARABLE AREAS An inventory of host tree species of the pine processionnary moth was carried out in an urban area embedded within both forest andarable areas in order to assess the impact of trees outside forest (TOF) upon landscape connectivity for this forest insect.In comparison with the neighbouring forests, the number of pines, cedars and douglas firs found in thestudy site was low but tree density was high enough to generate a high level of connectivity of the potential host tree species of the moth. Moreover, the most attacked trees are the most planted ones. The highest proportion of trees in this inventory was found in private gardens. Public policies aiming to manage this pest species by modifying ornamental planting practices need to take in account the private part of the urban tree patrimony. ; Un inventaire des arbres-hôtes de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)aété réalisé dans une zone urbaine située entre forêts et open-fields afin d'évaluer le rôle des arbres hors forêts (AHF) dans la circulation de cet insecte à impact économique et sanitaire. Nos résultats montrent que les pins, cèdres et douglas en ville ne représentent numériquement qu'une fraction minime des arbres présents dans la région. Mais, avec une densité de plus d'un arbre et demi à l'hectare, ils sont en quantité suffisante pour générer une bonne connectivité du milieu urbain, d'autant que les arbres les plus attaqués sont les plus plantés. La plus grande proportion de ces arbres se rencontre dans les jardins de particuliers.Des politiques communales visant à gérer les populations deprocessionnaire du pin en faisant évoluer les pratiques ornementales devrontdonc nécessairement prendre en considération la composante privée du patrimoine arboré.

An inventory of host tree species of the pine processionnary moth was carried out in an urban area embedded within both forest andarable areas in order to assess the impact of trees outside forest (TOF) upon landscape connectivity for this forest insect.In comparison with the neighbouring forests, the number of pines, cedars and douglas firs found in thestudy site was low but tree density was high enough to generate a high level of connectivity of the potential host tree species of the moth. Moreover, the most attacked trees are the most planted ones. The highest proportion of trees in this inventory was found in private gardens. Public policies aiming to manage this pest species by modifying ornamental planting practices need to take in account the private part of the urban tree patrimony. ; Un inventaire des arbres-hôtes de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)aété réalisé dans une zone urbaine située entre forêts et open-fields afin d'évaluer le rôle des arbres hors forêts (AHF) dans la circulation de cet insecte à impact économique et sanitaire. Nos résultats montrent que les pins, cèdres et douglas en ville ne représentent numériquement qu'une fraction minime des arbres présents dans la région. Mais, avec une densité de plus d'un arbre et demi à l'hectare, ils sont en quantité suffisante pour générer une bonne connectivité du milieu urbain, d'autant que les arbres les plus attaqués sont les plus plantés. La plus grande proportion de ces arbres se rencontre dans les jardins de particuliers.Des politiques communales visant à gérer les populations deprocessionnaire du pin en faisant évoluer les pratiques ornementales devrontdonc nécessairement prendre en considération la composante privée du patrimoine arboré.

Globalization and economic growth are widely recognized as important drivers of biological invasions. Consequently, there is an increasing need for governments to address the role of international trade in their strategies to prevent species introductions. However, many of the most problematic alien species are not recent arrivals but were introduced several decades ago. Hence, current patterns of alien-species richness may better reflect historical rather than contemporary human activities, a phenomenon which might be called "invasion debt." Here, we show that across 10 taxonomic groups (vascular plants, bryophytes, fungi, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, terrestrial insects, and aquatic invertebrates) in 28 European countries, current numbers of alien species established in the wild are indeed more closely related to indicators of socioeconomic activity from the year 1900 than to those from 2000, although the majority of species introductions occurred during the second half of the 20th century. The strength of the historical signal varies among taxonomic groups, with those possessing good capabilities for dispersal (birds, insects) more strongly associated with recent socioeconomic drivers. Nevertheless, our results suggest a considerable historical legacy for the majority of the taxa analyzed. The consequences of the current high levels of socioeconomic activity on the extent of biological invasions will thus probably not be completely realized until several decades into the future.

International audience ; The number of alien species arriving within new regions has increased at unprecedented rates. Managing the pathways through which alien species arrive and spread is important to reduce the threat of biological invasions. Harmonising information on pathways across individual sectors and user groups is therefore critical to underpin policy and action. The European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN) has been developed to easily facilitate open access to data of alien species in Europe. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Pathway Classification framework has become a global standard for the classification of pathways. We followed a structured approach to assign pathway information within EASIN for a subset of alien species in Europe, which covered 4169 species, spanning taxonomic groups and environments. We document constraints and challenges associated with implementing the CBD Pathway Classification framework and propose potential amendments to increase clarity. This study is unique in the scope of taxonomic coverage and also in the inclusion of primary (independent introductions to Europe) and secondary (means of dispersal for species expansion within Europe, after their initial introduction) modes of introduction. In addition, we summarise the patterns of introduction pathways within this subset of alien species within the context of Europe. Based on the analyses, we confirm that the CBD Pathway Classification framework offers a robust, hierarchical system suitable for the classification of alien species introduction and spread across a wide range of taxonomic groups and environments. However, simple modifications could improve interpretation of the pathway categories ensuring consistent application across databases and information systems at local, national, regional, continental and global scales. Improving consistency would also help in the development of pathway action plans, as required by EU legislation.