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"Southern Cone post-dictatorship generations reshape the collective memory of the dictatorial past through political activism and forms of artistic expression (cinema, literature, comics and photography). The author situates their work at the intersection of the individual and the collective: it is enabled by changes in the political context and can have a profound impact on the collective level. At the same time, these projects help artists and activists work through traumatic events individually. The first part of the book focuses on Argentina, where this generation's public interventions have broadened social involvement in remembering the past and encouraged learning from it for the sake of the present. In the second part, the author compares the exemplary achievements in Argentina with Chile and Uruguay, where political conditions are less conducive to genuine debate. "--

This essay explores how Rio de la Plata writers, from the postdictatorship generation (i.e., those born in the 70s and 80s), relate with the political context of revolution and repression in which they grew up, and how such relationship affects their political perspectives as young adults. Throughout the reflection I interweave the perspective of sociologist Emilio De Ípola in his article "Un legado trunco" and the analysis of three short stories written by, and about, postdictatorship generation's members: Florencia Abbate's "El grito" (2004), Gabriel Sosa's "Qué difícil es ser de izquierda en estos días" (2004) and "Los cuatro fantásticos" (2005) by Fabián Casas. These stories address the experience of sons and daughters of political activists who were exiled, imprisoned, or disappeared during the last dictatorship, from the context of the new millennium. ; Este ensayo explora cómo los escritores rioplatenses de la generación de posdictadura (o sea, aquellos nacidos en la década del 60 y el 70) se relacionan con el contexto político de militancia y represión en que crecieron, y cómo esa relación afecta sus posiciones ideológicas en la temprana adultez. La reflexión conecta el planteo del sociólogo Emilio De Ípola en su artículo "Un legado trunco", con el análisis de tres cuentos escritos por integrantes de la generación de posdictadura: "El grito" (2004) de Florencia Abbate, "Qué difícil es ser de izquierda en estos días" (2004) de Gabriel Sosa y "Los cuatro fantásticos" (2005) de Fabián Casas. Estos cuentos trabajan sobre la experiencia y perspectiva de hijos de militantes exiliados, detenidos y desaparecidos desde su presente en el nuevo milenio.

Este ensayo explora cómo los escritores rioplatenses de la generación de posdictadura (o sea, aquellos nacidos en la década del 60 y el 70) se relacionan con el contexto político de militancia y represión en que crecieron, y cómo esa relación afecta sus posiciones ideológicas en la temprana adultez. La reflexión conecta el planteo del sociólogo Emilio De Ípola en su artículo "Un legado trunco", con el análisis de tres cuentos escritos por integrantes de la generación de posdictadura: "El grito" (2004) de Florencia Abbate, "Qué difícil es ser de izquierda en estos días" (2004) de Gabriel Sosa y "Los cuatro fantásticos" (2005) de Fabián Casas. Estos cuentos trabajan sobre la experiencia y perspectiva de hijos de militantes exiliados, detenidos y desaparecidos desde su presente en el nuevo milenio. ; This essay explores how Rio de la Plata writers, from the postdictatorship generation (i.e., those born in the 70s and 80s), relate with the political context of revolution and repression in which they grew up, and how such relationship affects their political perspectives as young adults. Throughout the reflection I interweave the perspective of sociologist Emilio De Ípola in his article "Un legado trunco" and the analysis of three short stories written by, and about, postdictatorship generation's members: Florencia Abbate's "El grito" (2004), Gabriel Sosa's "Qué difícil es ser de izquierda en estos días" (2004) and "Los cuatro fantásticos" (2005) by Fabián Casas. These stories address the experience of sons and daughters of political activists who were exiled, imprisoned, or disappeared during the last dictatorship, from the context of the new millennium. ; Proyecto LETRAL

Twenty-five years after the end of the Chilean military dictatorship (1973-1990), the redemocratization process still has not drawn to a close. The persistent tensions in civil-military relations have sparked the concern of national and international human rights organizations and have even begun to occupy a space in the country's cultural production. In this article, I will focus on El mocito (Marcela Said and Jacques de Certau, 2011). This film tackles Chile's dictatorial past through the perspective of a civilian who was closely connected to the Armed Forces. It addresses the case of an individual living on the border between worlds often perceived as mutually exclusive. He is a civilian, but he was also a member of the DINA—Chile's secret police under Pinochet— though not as a member of the Armed Forces, but rather in the role of a butler. Although, as far as the public knows, he never participated in torture or assassinations, through this position, he was aware of what was taking place, bore witness to events related to state repression, and by fulfilling the tasks of his work, in many ways sustained the framework of the authoritarian system. By focusing on an atypical actor who is simultaneously an outsider and an insider in both the Armed Forces and the civil society, the documentary presents a unique perspective on these two groups and their intersections. In so doing, the film poses questions about responsibility for, and complicity with, the cruelty that took place during the military regime and beyond that all members of Chilean society must consider. How far can we extend responsibility for what happened? How do we measure the guilt or innocence of those who did not commit or order the perpetration of crimes, but were nevertheless part of the system that condoned such acts? Can victims exist within the group typically thought of as victimizers? What forms does cruelty take in civil society in non-authoritarian contexts? These queries imply a questioning of the military institution in its present form and challenge both the concept of the citizen shaped within democracy and the possibilities of nunca más/never again in Chile today.

Twenty-five years after the end of the Chilean military dictatorship (1973-1990), the redemocratization process still has not drawn to a close. The persistent tensions in civil-military relations have sparked the concern of national and international human rights organizations and have even begun to occupy a space in the country's cultural production. In this article, I will focus on El mocito (Marcela Said and Jacques de Certau, 2011). This film tackles Chile's dictatorial past through the perspective of a civilian who was closely connected to the Armed Forces. It addresses the case of an individual living on the border between worlds often perceived as mutually exclusive. He is a civilian, but he was also a member of the DINA—Chile's secret police under Pinochet— though not as a member of the Armed Forces, but rather in the role of a butler. Although, as far as the public knows, he never participated in torture or assassinations, through this position, he was aware of what was taking place, bore witness to events related to state repression, and by fulfilling the tasks of his work, in many ways sustained the framework of the authoritarian system. By focusing on an atypical actor who is simultaneously an outsider and an insider in both the Armed Forces and the civil society, the documentary presents a unique perspective on these two groups and their intersections. In so doing, the film poses questions about responsibility for, and complicity with, the cruelty that took place during the military regime and beyond that all members of Chilean society must consider. How far can we extend responsibility for what happened? How do we measure the guilt or innocence of those who did not commit or order the perpetration of crimes, but were nevertheless part of the system that condoned such acts? Can victims exist within the group typically thought of as victimizers? What forms does cruelty take in civil society in non-authoritarian contexts? These queries imply a questioning of the military institution in its present form and challenge both the concept of the citizen shaped within democracy and the possibilities of nunca más/never again in Chile today.

El contrato de SWAP es un producto financiero que ha provocado en los últimos años un notable interés mediático debido, por una parte, a su comercialización masiva y por otra, en un contexto de crisis generalizada, a ciertas dudas que ha generado respecto de su inocuidad para el cliente de crédito y la necesidad de corregir judicialmente determinadas disfunciones frecuentemente debidas a un desconocimiento no solo de su significado y funcionamiento en los mercados crediticios sino también de su estructura jurídica. La tesis pretende diagnosticar lo problemas que más frecuentemente se generan en la práctica, así como de perfilar los caracteres de ésta variedad de permuta financiera cuya modelización queda a la libertad de las partes pues son ellas las que, en uso de su autonomía de la voluntad, han confeccionado todo un régimen jurídico propio ante la ausencia de legislación estatal o internacional en la materia. Debe advertirse que con frecuencia únicamente la vuelta a los principios básicos del Derecho de las Obligaciones contractuales, permite identificar la solución procesal más satisfactoria adecuada a los intereses en conflicto. Sobre estas premisas, el estudio está estructurado en las siguientes tres partes: En la primera parte se define el swap y se enmarca en un contexto económico determinado, analizando la posición jurídica de las partes, la forma habitual del contrato requiere una serie de particularidades debido a su extremada volatilidad y el uso de contratos marco como normativa aplicable ante la ausencia de derecho nacional. Tras el análisis del origen del Swap y de los elementos básicos del contrato, el estudio se centra en el consentimiento y su problemática tanto sustantiva como procesal. En España son numerosas las sentencias que en los últimos años han fallado exigiendo un deber de cuidado a la hora de informar sobre los productos financieros a los clientes, fluctuaciones inesperadas o contrarias a los clientes han revelado que un buen número de contrapartes no conocían bien el funcionamiento y consecuencias de los productos financieros que contrataron. En este punto se analizan tanto el procedimiento para la nulidad del contrato ( legitimación, argumentos recurrentes, procedencia de la sumisión a arbitraje) como las sentencias más relevantes del Tribunal Supremo y de otros países. En la segunda parte aborda el tema de la naturaleza jurídica del contrato de Swap-Irs, que resulta caracterizado como atípico, aleatorio, bilateral, sinalagmático, oneroso, de tracto sucesivo, autónomo y consensual desde el punto de vista de su perfección. La atipicidad del contrato de Swap es la más destacada, aunque no la única, fuente de problemas puesto que el artículo 2 de la Ley del Mercado de Valores reconoce que existen y los incluye dentro de la clasificación pero siguen sin marco legal es específico. Lo dicho anteriormente sobre algunas notas definitorias del contrato de Swap tiene importantes consecuencias en el ámbito de un procedimiento concursal. A título de ejemplo, cabe preguntarse qué pasaría si consideraríamos el contrato Swap como sometido a condición suspensiva, según pretende un sector del la doctrina. La tercera parte posee un larga trayectoria de elaboración pues su origen se remonta al año 2009, tras la sentencia del Juzgado de lo Mercantil nº 3 de Valencia que calificaba los créditos de contratos de Swap como subordinados tanto si el Swap era autónomo (al menos reconocía esa posibilidad) como si estaba vinculado a una operación de activo. El trabajo se centra en la búsqueda de un argumento para defender el punto débil de los créditos derivados de los Contratos de Swap, lo que, ahondando en la materia, condujo a extraer dos conclusiones, en torno a las que gira esta parte del estudio: (i) Que la base de los argumentos recurrentes de los juzgados está en la naturaleza del contrato (ii): Que destruyendo determinados elementos definidores podría cuestionarse la aplicabilidad de dos normas: el articulo sesenta y uno de la Ley Concursal que regula la calificación de los créditos subordinados y el Real Decreto Ley 5/2005 en su aplicación a las operaciones de Swap. De este modo, lo que tenia visos de practicidad se ha convertido en un análisis doctrinal de los elementos del contrato, de su naturaleza, de su posible subsunción en otras figuras típicas y de su problemática jurisprudencial, todo ello, empezando por su origen como cláusula en los contratos de financiación y terminando por el análisis pormenorizado de sus caracteres según la naturaleza jurídica para determinar en cómo influye este análisis en la normativa que aplicamos. A SWAP contract is a financial product that has caused, in recent years, a remarkable media interest due, firstly, to its massive sale, and secondly, in a context of widespread crisis, to some doubts about the benefits for the credit customer. There have been a need for correcting certain legal aspects, often due to a lack not only of their meaning and function in credit markets but also of their legal structure. The thesis aims to diagnose the problems that most frequently are generated in the practice and give shape to the character of this variety of swap, whose modelling is the freedom of the parties who, practising their autonomy, have made an entire legal regime in the absence of national or international legislation. It should be noted that often, only returning to the basic principles of the contractual obligations law is the most satisfactory solution to the conflict of interests. Based on this premise, the study is divided into the following three parts: In the first part, the swap is defined and framed in a particular economic context, analyzing the legal position of the parties. The usual way of the contract requires a number of peculiarities due to its extreme volatility and the use of framework contracts and regulations because of the absence of a national law. After analyzing the origin of the Swap and the basic elements of the contract, the study focuses on the consent and its substantive and procedural problems. In Spain, there have been numerous sentences in recent years, compelling banks to inform about financial products to their customers. Unexpected fluctuations revealed that a number of clients were not familiar with the operation and consequences of the products they contracted. At this point, it is analysed the procedure for annuling the contract (legitimation, recurring arguments, arbitration) as well as the study of some of The most important Supreme Court decisions. The second part addresses the legal nature of the Swap-Irs contract, which is characterized as atypical, randomized, bilateral, synallagmatic, onerous and consensual from the point of view of its perfection. The unusualness of the swap agreement is the most prominent, but not the only one, source of trouble since Article 2 of the Securities Market Act recognizes that there are included within the classification but it has not legal specific framework. What has been mencioned previously about some defining features of the swap agreement has important consequences in the field of bankruptcy proceedings. For example, one wonders what would happen if the Swap contract was considered as subject to condition precedent, as a sector of the doctrine claims. The third part has a long history of development since its origins date from 2009, following the judgment of the Commercial Court No. 3 of Valencia branding Swap contracts' credits as subordinates whether the swap was autonomous (at least it recognized that possibility) as if it was linked to an active operation. The work focuses on the search for an argument to defend the weak point of credit derivatives swaps, which, digging into the matter led to two conclusions, around which turns this part of the study: (I) The basis of the recurring arguments of the courts is in the nature of the contract (ii) by destroying certain defining elements it could be questioned the applicability of two provisions: Article sixty-one of the Insolvency Act regulating rating subordinated claims and the Royal Decree Law 5/2005 in its application to swap transactions. Thus, what had overtones of practicality has become a doctrinal analysis of the elements of the contract, its nature, its possible subsumption in other typical and jurisprudential problematic figures, all beginning with its origin clause in the financing agreements and ending with a detailed analysis of their characters as the legal nature to determine how it affects this analysis in the regulations we appy.