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This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1982

The essays in this book focus attention on the role of political groups in the new functioning and development of the new African societies and the political systems of which they are a part. The authors, all recognized authorities, have sought to identify and compare the manifestations of the general tendency among the new states of Tropical Africa toward the establishment and consolidation of one-party political systems, and to examine, in the light of this

Cuando hablamos del "estado" en África Tropical de hoy día, es posible que hayamos creado una ilusión. Habitualmente el término significa una estructura política independiente con suficiente autoridad y poder como para gobernar un territorio definido y su población: es la estatalidad empírica. Esta es la noción predominante del estado en la teoría moderna política, jurídica y social y es una aproximación bastante fiel al hecho histórico en muchas partes del mundo —no solo en Europa y América del Norte, donde se desarrollaron y se enraizaron los primeros estados modernos, sino también en América del Sur, Oriente Medio y Asia, donde han surgido más recientemente—. Sin embargo, aunque el estado es una realidad ineludible, muchos de los llamados estados del África Tropical carecen de los elementos imprescindibles de la estatalidad ; When we speak of 'the state' in Tropical Africa today, we are apt to create an illusion. Ordinarily the term denotes an independent political structure of sufficient authority and power to govern a defined territory and its population: empirical statehood. This is the prevailing notion of the state in modern political, legal, and social theory, and it is a fairly close approximation to historical fact in many parts of the world —not only in Europe and North America, where modern states first developed and are deeply rooted, but also in some countries of South America, the Middle East, and Asia here they have more recently emerged. Nevertheless, even if the state is an inescapable reality, many so-called states in Tropical Africa, are seriously lacking in the essentials of statehood.

Cuando hablamos del "estado" en África Tropical de hoy día, es posible que hayamos creado una ilusión. Habitualmente el término significa una estructura política independiente con suficiente autoridad y poder como para gobernar un territorio definido y su población: es la estatalidad empírica. Esta es la noción predominante del estado en la teoría moderna política, jurídica y social y es una aproximación bastante fiel al hecho histórico en muchas partes del mundo —no solo en Europa y América del Norte, donde se desarrollaron y se enraizaron los primeros estados modernos, sino también en América del Sur, Oriente Medio y Asia, donde han surgido más recientemente—. Sin embargo, aunque el estado es una realidad ineludible, muchos de los llamados estados del África Tropical carecen de los elementos imprescindibles de la estatalidad.

When we speak of 'the state' in Tropical Africa today, we are apt to create an illusion. Ordinarily the term denotes an independent political structure of sufficient authority and power to govern a defined territory and its population: empirical statehood. This is the prevailing notion of the state in modern political, legal, and social theory, and it is a fairly close approximation to historical fact in many parts of the world —not only in Europe and North America, where modern states first developed and are deeply rooted, but also in some countries of South America, the Middle East, and Asia here they have more recently emerged. Nevertheless, even if the state is an inescapable reality, many so-called states in Tropical Africa, are seriously lacking in the essentials of statehood. ; Cuando hablamos del "estado" en África Tropical de hoy día, es posible que hayamos creado una ilusión. Habitualmente el término significa una estructura política independiente con suficiente autoridad y poder como para gobernar un territorio definido y su población: es la estatalidad empírica. Esta es la noción predominante del estado en la teoría moderna política, jurídica y social y es una aproximación bastante fiel al hecho histórico en muchas partes del mundo —no solo en Europa y América del Norte, donde se desarrollaron y se enraizaron los primeros estados modernos, sino también en América del Sur, Oriente Medio y Asia, donde han surgido más recientemente—. Sin embargo, aunque el estado es una realidad ineludible, muchos de los llamados estados del África Tropical carecen de los elementos imprescindibles de la estatalidad.

When we speak of 'the state' in Tropical Africa today, we are apt to create an illusion. Ordinarily the term denotes an independent political structure of sufficient authority and power to govern a defined territory and its population: empirical statehood. This is the prevailing notion of the state in modern political, legal, and social theory1, and it is a fairly close approximation to historical fact in many parts of the world – not only in Europe and North America, where modern states first developed and are deeply rooted, but also in some countries of South America, the Middle East, and Asia, where they have more recently emerged. The state is an inescapable reality. The military credibility of Argentina during the Falklands war, when it was by no means certain that Britain would prevail against its air force, is an indication of the reality of the state in some parts of the Third World today.

Im Unterschied zur empirisch fundierten Herrschaftsausübung in fast allen Staaten der alten und auch einigen der Dritten Welt wird die Existenz der meisten Staaten Tropisch-Afrikas nicht von der tatsächlichen Machtausübung, sondern vom rechtlichen Aspekt ihrer internationalen Anerkennung hergeleitet und garantiert. Dies ist eine bis dahin nicht beobachtete Entwicklung. Analyse der Staatenbildung in Afrika. Bedeutung der meist nur rechtlich fundierten Existenz der afrikanischen Staaten für die nationale Autorität der Herrschenden und für die Fähigkeiten der Regierung. Schlußfolgerungen. (DÜI-Hlb)

The historical development of the modern state is marked by, among other important changes, the transformation of political legitimacy from the authority of princes to the mandate of the people, from dynastic to popular legitimacy. Since states are the creatures not only of their domestic environment but also of international society, we must distinguish between internal and international legitimacy. Martin Wight defines the latter as 'the collective judgement of international society [i.e. other states] about rightful membership of the family of nations'. According to him, the convention of international legitimation that has predominated since 1945 is based on the combined and paradoxical principles of majority rule, which rejects the legitimacy of colonialism, and territorial integrity, which nevertheless accepts territorial divisions established under colonialism. We define internal legitimacy as the recognition of a state and its government as rightful by its population, which during the modern era has increasingly meant a popular recognition democratically expressed.

Interne (durch das Volk) und externe (durch die internationale Gemeinschaft) Legitimierung der afrikanischen multi-ethnischen Staaten innerhalb ihrer verbliebenen kolonialen Grenzen. Selbstbestimmung führte zur Unabhängigkeit von Kolonien, nicht von Ethnien. Nur einer repräsentativen und starken Führung (meist über den Einparteienstaat und/oder Personenkult) ist es möglich, den internen staatlichen Zusammenhalt trotz ethnischer Vielfalt zu sichern. (DÜI-Hlb)