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Natural resource extraction, once promoted by international lenders and governing elites as a promising development strategy, is beginning to hit a wall. After decades of landscape gutting and community resistance, mine developers and their allies are facing new challenges. The outcomes of the anti-mining pushback have varied, as increasing payments, episodic repression, and international pressures have deflected some opposition. But operational space has been narrowing in the extractive sector, as evidenced by the growing adoption of mining bans, moratoria, suspensions, and standoffs. This book tells the story of how that happened. In Breaking Ground, Rose J. Spalding examines mining conflict in new extraction zones and reactivated territories - places where "mining as destiny" is a contested idea. Spalding's innovative approach to the mining story traces the construction of mine-friendly rules in up-and-coming mining zones, as late-comers gear up to compete with mining giants. Spalding also excavates the tale of mining containment in countries that have turned away from the extraction model. By challenging deterministic assumptions about the "commodities consensus" in Latin America, Breaking Ground expands the analysis of resource governance to include divergent trajectories, tracing movement not just toward but also away from extractivism. Spalding explores how people living in targeted communities frame their concerns about the impacts of mining and organize to protect local voice and the environment. Then she unpacks the emerging array of policy responses, including those that encompass national level mining rejection. Breaking Ground takes up a timeless set of questions about the interconnection between politics and the environment, now re-examined with a fresh set of eyes.

Physical organic chemistry is a modern scientific subdiscipline whose reach is pervasive throughout chemistry, underpinning every academic and industrial synthetic process. In 'Thinking Like a Physical Organic Chemist', Professor Steven M. Bachrach uses analogies and colorful examples to provide experts and nonexperts alike with an alternative way of thinking about organic chemistry. He highlights a number of reaction mechanisms, walking through the important experiments that they rest upon, with an emphasis on the rules and logic systems that organic chemists have built to understand and predict reaction outcomes.

This book, first published in 1987, is a solid, analytical exploration of the complex dynamics of the revolutionary economic transformation from 1979 to 1986. This collection of eleven essays provides a clear picture of the goals, internal debates, external influences and shifting policy decisions which affected the efforts of the Sandinista government. They help to clarify the dynamics between soaring food prices and falling wages, and explain the complex relationship between the private sector and the state. They also document the policies of the Reagan administration toward the Sandinista government.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acronyms and Initialisms -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction, Overview, and Methods -- Chapter 1 The March to Market Reform in Central America -- Chapter 2 Rule Makers and Rule Takers: Negotiating CAFTA -- Chapter 3 Resistance: Competing Voices -- Chapter 4 Ratification Politics: In the Chamber and in the Street -- Chapter 5 After CAFTA: Anti-Mining Movements, Investment Disputes, and New Organizational Territory -- Chapter 6 Electoral Challenges and Transitions -- Chapter 7 Post-Neoliberalism and Alternative Approaches to Change -- Appendix A Note on Interview Methodology -- Appendix B Presidential Election Results: Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, 1978–2011 -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

Following an extended anti-mining campaign, El Salvador became the first country to adopt a legal ban on all forms of metallic mining. This article uses process tracing to map direct, indirect and mediated linkages between the anti-mining mobilization and the formal adoption of a mining prohibition by the national legislature in 2017. It draws on 78 interviews with campaign activists, legislators, government officials, business leaders and legal teams, and combines this information with legislative documents and reports, public opinion data, legal documents from an investment dispute filed against the Salvadoran government, and blogs and website of the Mesa Nacional Frente a la Minería Metálica. This analysis gives particular attention to the spatial reach and breadth of the anti-mining networks; fissures within and situational realignment of the political elite; and the strategic use of diverse institutional openings (docking points), some of which were adapted to new purposes by movement entrepreneurs. Although major obstacles to sustainable development and environmental protection remain in El Salvador, this article identifies a set of iterative interactions between activist alliances and institutional actors that can successfully contribute to policy change.Resumen: De las calles a la Cámara: Movimientos sociales y la prohibición de la minería en El SalvadorTras una extenso periodo minero, El Salvador se convirtió en el primer país en adoptar una prohibición legal de toda manera de minería metálica. El presente artículo emplea el rastreo de procesos para ilustrar los vínculos directos, indirectos y mediáticos entre la movilización anti-minera y la adopción formal de una prohibición minera por parte de la legislatura nacional en 2017. Se basa en 78 entrevistas a activistas de campaña, legisladores, funcionarios gubernamentales, líderes empresariales, y equipos legales, y combina esta información con documentos e informes legislativos, datos de opinión pública, documentos legales de una disputa de inversión presentada contra el gobierno salvadoreño, blogs y la página web de la Mesa Nacional Frente a la Minería Metálica. Este análisis presta especial atención al alcance espacial y a la amplitud de las redes anti-mineras; fisuras internas y realineación situacional de la élite política, y el uso estratégico de diversas aperturas institucionales (puntos de atraque), algunas de las cuales fueron adaptadas a nuevos propósitos por los empresarios del movimiento. Aunque los principales obstáculos para el desarrollo sostenible y la protección ambiental continúan en El Salvador, este artículo identifica un conjunto de interacciones iterativas entre las alianzas activistas y los actores institucionales que pueden contribuir con éxito al cambio de políticas.

Este estudio examina los procesos políticos que afectaron la reconfiguración de la élite económica en Nicaragua durante los años 1980 y 1990, y documenta los patrones cambiantes de las relaciones entre los empresarios y el Estado tras el regreso al poder del líder sandinista Daniel Ortega en 2007. Basándose en documentos y entrevistas con representantes de COSEP, el Gobierno y las ONG, este artículo traza el auge y la caída de las facciones de la élite tradicional durante la Revolución Sandinista y analiza el impacto de la reforma del mercado en la dinámica emergente durante las transiciones postrevolucionarias que siguieron. Estas experiencias ayudan a explicar la nueva estrategia del sector empresarial de negociación sostenida y colaboración con el gobierno tras la reelección y creciente dominio político de Ortega. El artículo concluye levantando preguntas sobre los puntos de tensión y los problemas no resueltos que quedan. ; This study examines the political processes that affected economic elite re-configuration in Nicaragua during the 1980s and 1990s, and it documents the shifting patterns of business-state relations following the return to power of Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega in 2007. Drawing on documents and interviews with representatives of business, government and NGO, this article traces the rise and fall of traditional elite factions during the Sandinista Revolution and analyzes the impact of market reform on changing elite dynamics during the post-revolutionary transitions that followed. This background helps to explain the business sector's new strategy of sustained negotiation and collaboration with the government following Ortega's re-election and rising political dominance. The article concludes by raising questions about the stress points and unresolved problems that remain.

AbstractThis article analyzes civil society participation in the free trade debate by focusing on networks that opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) in El Salvador. Drawing on documents, direct observation, and semistructured interviews with civil society leaders, two kinds of opposition coalitions are identified. "Critic negotiators," emphasizing active engagement and policy research, used the limited participation space opened by authorities to push for reform. "Transgressive resisters," repudiating the formal consultation process, deployed confrontational tactics and posed more fundamental challenges. This work uses social movement theory to explore coalition resource mobilization, the role of movement entrepreneurs, strategic decisionmaking, mechanisms linking local and transnational activists, and the dynamics of intramovement competition.