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AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic has engendered turmoil around our globe, rendering an urgent need for accurate, truthful information as a life-saving resource for humanity. However, coinciding with this global, deadly pandemic is the proliferation of fake news. While pandemics and fake news are not new phenomena, an unprecedented time in history is presently unfolding when considered with the postdigital era. Digital media enables the prolific repetitious spread of fake news during crises when accurate and truthful information is necessary. Consequently, the ability of humans to discern between fact and fiction diminishes. It has resulted in some people making life-ending decisions based on their exposure to fake news. In this article, I define a primarily ignored and invisible epistemological process at work: negative epistemic postdigital inculcation, that, while has been at work with the rise of modern digital media, has primarily become visible because of the interrelationships between implicit learning, Covid-19, fake news, and digital media. While the inculcation outlined in this paper occurs mostly outside of our awareness, I discuss a role for education in helping reduce the ensuing mortal coil of fake news.

In the 2016 US presidential election campaign, an online news story broke reporting that 'tens of thousands' of pre-marked ballots had been found in a warehouse in Ohio. The ballots were reportedly marked in favor of Hillary Clinton and were to be counted alongside real election ballot boxes. The story contained a picture of the ballot boxes along with the individual who supposedly discovered the ballots. The story was false; however, before its falseness was exposed, it went viral and was viewed by the media as having affected the outcome of the election in favour of Donald Trump. While the deceit of the creator of this fake news should be of great concern, the perilousness of fake news to the corrosion of democracy is substantial. In this paper, I explore what it means to be an online news consumer in relation to the magnitude of the problem of fake news. I examine what it means for online news consumers to acquire knowledge and the pitfalls they experience in a fake news online environment. I add another layer of analysis through the exploration of how online news consumers determine truth and discuss the boundaries of determining the truth in fake news online environments. I conclude that in a fake news online environment, acquiring knowledge for democratic participation is dubious. Determining the truth of fake news stories can be uncertain, and when combined with limited opportunities to gain knowledge, online news consumers are in a conundrum of what to believe. I conclude with the suggestion that one-way education ought to assist online news consumers in understanding the limits of their epistemological stances in relation to fake news in online environments as an outset to assist citizens to become better online news consumers, so they have the option to enact democracy through increased epistemic volition.

Intro -- Series Editor's Preface -- References -- Foreword: Lying, Politics, Government -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: The Genesis of Dupery by Design -- The Genesis of Dupery by Design -- Organisation of the Book -- Part 1: Epistemology of Deceit -- Part 2: Dupery, Politics, and Democracy -- Part 3: Discourse and Digital Literacy -- Part 4: Towards a Critical Pedagogy -- References -- Contents -- About the Editors -- About the Authors -- Part I: Epistemology of Deceit -- Chapter 1: Bad Faith, Bad Politics, and Bad Consequences: The Epistemic Harms of Online Deceit -- Introduction -- Bad Politics and the Media: Beware Overlooking the Mass Media in Strategic Disinformation Campaigns -- Mass Media and Social Media Consumption Driven by Dis/Mistrust -- Polarisation for One's Own Bad Faith Ends: The Cynic's Toolkit and the Humanist's Response -- The Allure of Deception -- Countering Bad Consequences of Deception: Reducing Harm -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: An Epistemology of False Beliefs: The Role of Truth, Trust, and Technology in Postdigital Deception -- Introduction -- Interdependence and the Search for Truth -- Dupers and Dupees: The Missing Link in Deception -- Certainty and Truth -- The Exploitation of Trust Through Psychological Certainty of Truth -- Postdigital Deception: Virtual Reality or Reality as Virtual? -- A Way Forward: Revisiting Epistemic Values -- References -- Chapter 3: Towards a Response to Epistemic Nihilism -- Introduction -- Epistemic Nihilism -- A Unified Theory of Epistemic Nihilism -- Epistemic Nihilism as a Worldview -- The Threat of Epistemic Nihilism -- The Nihilist's Rhetorical Advantage -- The Dangers of Nihilistic Speech -- The Media's Effect on Epistemic Nihilism -- Countering Epistemic Nihilism -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Dupery, Politics, and Democracy.

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