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A report of a survey to determine the extent to which the survey method may be valid in other cultures. A survey questionnaire was administered to 984 M R's in a geographically stratified sample. Specific reference was made to the reliability & validity of the data & to the influence of interviewer affiliation on responses. The reliability check asked R's to say whether or not they had ever participated (a) in any kind of voluntary work & (b) in a Shramdan (a voluntary contribution to public labor). 95% of R's who reported participation in Shramdan also reported participation in voluntary work while 95 of those who never participated in Shramdan deny participation in any kind of voluntary work. Internal consistency,was shown by the fact that 50% of R's who participated in Shramdan recognized the term whereas only 20% of nonparticipants recognized it, early in the interview. 5 checks of interviewer bias who were both gov related &/or Cornell U affiliates were made: (1) little effect of the affiliation of interviewers on their rating of R's capacities & comprehensions, such as intelligence, outspokenness, precision of responses to questions, friendliness, & sincerity, were observed. (2) Since it is difficult for a stranger to remain inconspicuous in Indian villages, PRAI have a greater tendency than Cornell interviewers to report the more desirable kind of interview situation without bystanders & uninvited participants. (3) The distribution of interviewer ratings of R's age, educ, occup & caste by PRAI interviewers differed signif'ly from the equivalent distribution by Cornell interviewers. PRAI interviewers tended to rate R's as better educated, younger, more likely to be small landowners in the intermediate caste group. The sampling technique leaves little reason to assume that distribution of these traits differed in R's reached by both crews. (4) 3 factors are given as possibly important in the finding that PRAI interviewers were most likely to leave blank the question 'What are your greatest worries & difficulties?' or to report R's as saying 'I have no cares or worries:' (a) PRAI interviewers may have been less skilled in their ability to elicit replies; however, the incidence of `no answers' did not differ for the 2 groups of interviewers on all other questions. (b) Some tendency was noted in the responses to conceal worries about the gov - repayment of loans - from the gov affiliated PRAI interviewers but not from the Cornell interviewers. (c) PRAI interviewers expressed misgivings about the question during the training seminar & expectations of failure may have influenced the kind of replies obtained. (5) Villagers appeared to be reluctant to tell gov representatives that the gov rather than the villages should build roads. A test showed that the r between educ & occup held for both sets of interviews so that analytic conclusions reached by the survey's r analysis & statements of co-variation are affected only slightly by affiliation bias. J. D. Twight.

Languages around the world use a recurring strategy to discuss abstract concepts: describe them metaphorically, borrowing language from more concrete domains. We "plan ahead" to the future, "count up" to higher numbers, and "warm" to new friends. Past work has found that these ways of talking have implications for how we think, so that shared systems of linguistic metaphors can produce shared conceptualizations. On the other hand, these systematic linguistic metaphors might not just be the cause but also the effect of shared, non-linguistic ways of thinking. Here, we present a case study of a variety of American English in which a shared, non-linguistic conceptualization of time has become crystallized as a new system of linguistic metaphors. Speakers of various languages, including English, conceptualize time as a lateral timeline, with the past leftward and the future rightward. Until now, this conceptualization has not been documented in the speech of any language. In two studies, we document how members of the U.S. military, but not U.S. civilians, talk about time using conventionalized lateral metaphors (e.g., "move the meeting right" to mean "move the meeting later"). We argue that, under the right cultural circumstances, implicit mental representations become conventionalized metaphors in language.

A questionnaire study of a weighted cross-section of 2,975 male undergraduates of 11 US Coll. on the question of attitudes toward the Korean war. Responses to a 3-item Guttman attitudes toward the Korean War scale (CofR .96) and 7-item Guttman scale (CofR .94) of willingness to enter the army, is inspected in relation to 3 dimensions: (1) Ideological conviction-general value orientation toward political matters, (2) Partisan allegiance-Ss specific position on controversial political problems, and (3) Political knowledge-grades achieved, general information, and scores on the Selective Service College Qualification Test. Findings: (1) 'The more one believes we are fighting for an ideal, the more favorably is the Korean situation viewed.' (2) Interventionist students are more, isolationist students less favorable in their attitudes. (3) Political knowledge is related to ideological conviction in that, the more idealistic, and the more knowledge about world affairs Ss possess, the more favorable they are toward the Korean situation. (4) The more favorably the Korean situation is viewed, the more favorable is the Ss to being called into service. Amount of knowledge of current events does not affect attitude toward serving. Faith in the UN, and political issues as a whole, are not related to attitude towards serving. It appears that favorable attitude towards military service is more a result of faith than of facts. (See SA 1, 413). L. P. Chall.

POLICY POINTS: Individuals with behavioral health (BH) conditions comprise a medically complex population with high costs and high health care needs. Considering national shortages of BH providers, primary care providers serve a critical role in identifying and treating BH conditions and making referrals to BH providers. States are increasingly seeking ways to address BH conditions among their residents. States funded by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services under the first round of the State Innovation Models (SIM) Initiative all invested in BH integration. States found sharing data among providers, bridging professional divides, and overcoming BH provider shortages were key barriers. Nonetheless, states made significant strides in integrating BH care. Beyond payment models, a key catalyst for change was facilitating informal relationships between BH providers and primary care physicians. Infrastructure investments such as promoting data sharing by connecting BH providers to a health information exchange and providing tailored technical assistance for both BH and primary care providers were also important in improving integration of BH care. CONTEXT: Increasing numbers of states are looking for ways to address behavioral health (BH) conditions among their residents. The first round of the State Innovation Models (SIM) Initiative provided financial and technical support to six states since 2013 to test the ability of state governments to lead health care system transformation. All six SIM states invested in integration of BH and primary care services. This study summarizes states' progress, challenges, and lessons learned on BH integration. Additionally, the study reports impacts on expenditure, utilization, and quality‐of‐care outcomes for persons with BH conditions across four SIM states. METHODS: We use a mixed‐methods design, drawing on focus groups and key informant interviews to reach conclusions on implementation and quantitative analysis using Medicaid claims data to assess impact. For three ...