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AbstractIn the past decade, declining rice prices, a slowdown in research expenditures and output growth, reduced irrigation investment and degradation of irrigated land, declining marginal returns to input use, and a stagnant technological yield frontier caused declining growth in rice yields per hectare in much of Asia. Future growth in rice productivity will increasingly come from improved management and efficiency of use of the resources utilized in rice production, in contrast to the rapid dissemination of modern technology which has been dominant in the past. The foundations for increased efficiency in rice production are greater investment in research, extension, and education to upgrade human capital, combined with establishment of economic incentives that reflect the social opportunity costs of scarce resources.

Estimates of partial factor productivity growth for rice and
wheat in India and Pakistan have shown relatively rapid growth in yields
per hectare since adoption of modem rice and wheat varieties began in
the mid-to-Iate 1960s [Byerlee (1990); Rosegrant (1991)]. Yields per
hectare for rice and wheat grew slowly prior to the green revolution,
then increased dramatically (Table 1). In Pakistan, yield growth from
1965 to 1975 was particularly rapid, but declined sharply after that.
Indian yields grew more slowly than in Pakistan in the early green
revolution period, but higher yield growth was sustained in India after
1975.

The Philippine economy has grown rapidly since 2010, but despite this growth, poverty and inequality remain high. Two-thirds of the poor live in rural areas, and the weak performance of the agriculture sector has contributed to the slow improvement in livelihoods. The challenge for agriculture will further increase, with climate change posing a growing threat to the sector. But agricultural transformation to spur sustained growth and reduce poverty is still possible under climate change with aggressive institutional reforms and implementation of the right mix of policies and programmes. The identification of the suitable policy and programme combination requires an accurate assessment of the key drivers of agricultural growth and food security; the impacts of climate change on agriculture and the overall economy; and the effectiveness of policies for adaptation and growth.

Increasing water scarcity, rising costs of irrigation subsidies, and general economic liberalization are creating strong incentives for comprehensive water reform with establishment of tradable water rights and the development of markets in these rights. Experiences in Chile, Mexico, and California indicate that water allocation through markets in tradable water rights offers a viable approach to improving the efficiency of water allocation, and should receive serious consideration from developing country policy makers. Laws establishing tradable rights should be simple and comprehensive, should clearly define the characteristics of water rights and the conditions and regulations governing the trade of water rights; should establish and implement water rights registers; delineate the roles of the government, institutions, and individuals involved in water allocation and the ways of solving conflicts between them; and provide cost-effective protection against negative third party and environmental effects which can arise from water trades. ; IFPRI3 ; EPTD ; Non-PR ; 55 p. ; 28 cm.

Increasing water scarcity, rising costs of irrigation subsidies, and general economic liberalization are creating strong incentives for comprehensive water reform with establishment of tradable water rights and the development of markets in these rights. Experiences in Chile, Mexico, and California indicate that water allocation through markets in tradable water rights offers a viable approach to improving the efficiency of water allocation, and should receive serious consideration from developing country policy makers. Laws establishing tradable rights should be simple and comprehensive, should clearly define the characteristics of water rights and the conditions and regulations governing the trade of water rights; should establish and implement water rights registers; delineate the roles of the government, institutions, and individuals involved in water allocation and the ways of solving conflicts between them; and provide cost-effective protection against negative third party and environmental effects which can arise from water trades. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1 ; EPTD

Subsidized credit programs for agricultural producers have often been used to boost production in less developed countries. The "traditional" views in support of this policy instrument, as summarized by von Pischke, Adams, and Donald (1983), are that credit programs are easier to implement than such policies as land reform or infrastructure development, that subsidized credit can offset the negative impact on farm income and disincentives of government policies such as overvalued exchange rates and price controls, and that credit programs are necessary to provide capital for adoption of new technology. The informal credit market moneylenders are considered monopolistic, exploitive, and antidevelopmental, and incapable of providing the necessary credit. ; PR ; IFPRI1