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'Local policy makers for the most part act as if their localities were self contained. They perceive their environment as bounded though not of course as impermeable. It is for them a field of vision, expectation and action.' (Young and Kramer, 1978).

The 'assumptive worlds' of local government strategic actors have been noted and recognised but rarely studied. Young has argued that the roots of these tactics to manage the interorganisational environment and the complementary local policy nexus are located in the local policy makers' understanding of their local worlds and multiple realities (Young, 1977). This paper is an attempt to investigate particular aspects of the 'assumptive worlds' of Treasurers and their organisational relationships with politicians and Chief Officers. Empirical data taken from relatively unstructured interviews with Treasurers in a variety of local authorities will be selectively used to illustrate the multi faceted realities of such officers and the relationship this has to the emerging policy process. The language or languages of Treasurers are both pragmatic and symbolic — both levels will be noted.
Dunleavy is one of the very few political scientists to comment on the socialisation and role politics of Treasurers.

This is the final version. Available on open access from Frontiers Media via the DOI in this record ; Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. ; This essay examines the policy response of the federal and regional governments in federations to the COVID-19 crisis. We theorize that the COVID-19 policy response in federations is an outcome of strategic interaction among the federal and regional incumbents in the shadow of their varying accountability for health and the repercussions from the disruptive consequences of public health measures. Using the data from the COVID-19 Public Health Protective Policy Index Project, we study how the variables suggested by our theory correlate with the overall stringency of public health measures in federations as well as the contribution of the federal government to the making of these policies. Our results suggest that the public health measures taken in federations are at least as stringent as those in non-federations, and there is a cluster of federations on which a bulk of crisis policy making is carried by subnational governments. We find that the contribution of the federal government is, on average, higher in parliamentary systems; it appears to decline with the proximity of the next election in presidential republics, and to increase with the fragmentation of the legislative party system in parliamentary systems. Our analysis also suggests that when the federal government carries a significant share of responsibility for healthcare provision, it also tends to play a higher role in taking non-medical steps in response to the pandemic.

This the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this record ; Data Records: We have created a Github repository (https://github.com/COVID-policy-response-lab/PPI-data) to store the datasets with the Public Health Protective Policy Index and its components. A copy of the included datafiles, as described below, was deposited with openICPSR15. It presently requires creating an account with the depository. Data access is free. Data location is at https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/project/123401. The datasets are stored as csv files with five types of layouts. "PPI_country_m1.csv" is a file with country-level aggregates of region-level PPIs, computed using method 1, and their components. Each row corresponds to a country-date. The rows are identified using the country name (cname), numeric and 2-letter ISO 3166-1 codes (isocode and isoabbr respectively), as well as a date variable. The names of the policy variables contain four components: the name of the broader category, the name of the category, the level of issuing government ("nat" refers to the national policies, "reg" refers to the subnational policies, and "tot" refers to the combination of national and subnational policies), as well as suffix "ave". For example, the average Total PPI is denoted as "ppi.all.tot.ave", and the average stringency of the closures of air borders by the national government is denoted as "borders.air_bord.nat.ave". See the codebook for the complete list of variables. "PPI_country_m2.csv" is a file with country-level aggregates of region-level PPIs, computed using method 2, and their components. The identifying variables and the naming convention for the policy variables is the same as in "PPI_country_m1.csv", with the addition of suffix "0.2" at the end of the policy variable names. "PPI_regions_XX_m1.csv" (replace XX with the 2-letter ISO 3166-1 country codes) are country-specific files with region-specific PPIs, computed using method 1, and their components. The identifying variables include ...