Suchergebnisse

Criticizes views regarding the need for Israel's collective, agricultural settlements to adapt their communal philosophy and ideology in response to economic and social change expressed in "Kibbutzim: can they survive the new Israel?" in: Dissent, p. 64-70, Summer 2000, also indexed in PAIS International, 2001; includes the authors' reply.

Following the economic crisis, changes in the structure of kibbutz economic organizations through separation between the community and its economic units, have been suggested and partially implemented. These proposals will be analysed using an enlarged version of Williamson's 'transaction cost' typology. A comparison between two different strategies of relationship between the kibbutz community and the market are presented: (1) Separation between the market and the community, in which the economic units are conceived as an integral part of the community. The structures and internal relations of kibbutz economic organizations are therefore based on the general principles and norms of the kibbutz, and the internal impact of the relationship with the market is minimized. (2) Separation between kibbutz economy and the community in which the role of the community is limited to the exercise of ownership rights and supply of manpower. Market and hierarchical principles should be introduced in economic organizations and the relationship between the member and the community should be partially based on market rules. The degree of implementation of the suggested changes and their possible impact on economic efficiency and on kibbutz identity and values are analysed.

This article deals with the relationship between type of ownership, social structure and ideology in communal societies, cooperatives and other types of 'third-way' organizations. A typology is suggested differentiating between two polar ideal types of such organizations. One polar type is that of non-utilitarian multifunctional communities with a high level of solidarity and ideological commitment. The Israeli kibbutz was originally close to that type. On the other pole would be unifunctional organizations based mainly on utilitarian economic motivations, as exemplified by ESOPs and many conventional cooperatives. The location of other types of 'third-way' organizations between the two poles is suggested.

Der Beitrag problematisiert die Einführung neuer Technologien in den industriellen Kibbuzbetrieben (die Mehrheit der Kibbuzmitglieder arbeitet in der Industrie und nicht in der Landwirtschaft). Nach Darstellung des Autors erlauben die speziellen sozialen Bedingungen des Kibbuz eine humane Nutzung der technologischen Möglichkeiten in Richtung auf eine Verbesserung der Qualität der Arbeitswelt. (DÜI-Hns)

An economic framework for understanding the incidence of less
alienating job designs in varying industrial settings is developed. Both
the supply and demand sides are discussed, and the approach is
illustrated by consideration of the frequency of introduction of
alienation‐reducing job designs in Swedish, Japanese, US and Israeli
kibbutz industrial enterprises. The competitiveness of product and
labour markets, and the set of available methods of attracting workers
and eliciting real effort from them, are among the key explanatory
factors found to operate in the cases examined.