Suchergebnisse

Nonvolunteer M & F undergraduates, who indirectly became aware of a COMM'or's persuasive intent, heard 1-sided or 2-sided COMM's on a controversial issue, or else no COMM ('O' control). Recipients of 1-sided COMM's changed their opinions in whatever direction was advocated regardless of their original opinions, while control S's & recipients of 2-sided COMM's changed in the direction that would implicitly have been associated with the COMM'or's private beliefs on the issue. Results imply the potential of awareness as a contaminating variable in laboratory opinion-change res. Even in the absence of an explicit forewarning, S's may become cognizant of, or develop hyp's about, the purpose of such res, &, once aware, their opinions may be influenced by their perceptions of the COMM'or's intent, with the result that they may go along with whatever position they believe he advocates. AA.

Book one: Artifact in behavioral research -- Perspective: artifact and control / Edwin G. Boring -- Suspiciousness of experimenter's intent / William J. McGuire -- The volunteer subject / Robert Rosenthal and Ralph L. Rosnow -- Pretest sensitization / Robert E. Lana -- Demand characteristics and the concept of quasi-controls / Martin T. Orne -- Interpersonal expectations : effects of the experimenter's hypothesis / Robert Rosenthal -- The conditions and consequences of evaluation apprehension / Milton J. Rosenberg -- Prospective : artifact and control / Donald T. Campbell -- Book two: Experimenter effects in behavioral research -- The nature of experimenter effects -- The experimenter as observer -- Interpretation of data -- Intentional error -- Biosocial attributes -- Psychosocial attributes -- Situational factors -- Experimenter modeling -- Experimenter expectancy -- Studies of experimenter expectancy effects -- Human subjects -- Animal subjects -- Subject set -- Early data returns -- Excessive rewards -- Structural variables -- Behavioral variables -- Communication of experimenter expectancy -- Methodological implications -- The generality and assessment of experimenter effects -- Replications and their assessment -- Experimenter sampling -- Experimenter behavior -- Personnel considerations -- Blind and minimized contact -- Expectancy control groups -- Book three: The volunteer subject -- Introduction -- Characteristics of the volunteer subject -- Situational determinants of volunteering -- Implications for the interpretation of research findings -- Empirical research on voluntarism as an artifact-independent variable -- An intergrative overview