Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Die Dokumentation präsentiert zentrale Ausschnitte aus den Erinnerungen des KGB-Agenten Bogdan Staschinski, die im Archiv des Bundesnachrichtendiensts verwahrt werden. Staschinski war ein begabter, aber innerlich zerrissener Attentäter, der wegen seiner Mordanschläge auf die Anführer der Organisation Ukrainischer Nationalisten (OUN) Lew Rebet und Stepan Bandera in die Geschichte der Geheimdienste und des Kalten Kriegs einging. In seinen Aufzeichnungen, die er nach seiner selbst gewollten Verhaftung verfasste, berichtete er – um milde Richter zu finden –, was ihn dazu bewog, sich dem KGB anzuschließen, den nationalistischen Untergrund in der Westukraine erfolgreich zu infiltrieren, Anführer der OUN in München zu ermorden und anschließend dem wohl brutalsten Geheimdienst schlechthin den Rücken zu kehren.

This article is part of the special cluster titled Conceptualizations of the Holocaust in Germany, Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine since the 1990s, guest edited by Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe. The Shoah belongs to one of the most thoroughly investigated aspects of modern European history. Scholars have used the Holocaust methodology to study other genocides, or forms of ethnic or political violence. Nevertheless, our understanding of the extermination of the European Jewry is limited, fragmented, and changes constantly due to new investigation methods, research interests, and public debates. The first studies on the Holocaust were conducted already during the Shoah but because of different reasons historians in some countries such as Germany and Ukraine did not pay much attention to them and concentrated rather on the documents left by the perpetrators and their fate during the war. While in Poland the research on the Holocaust never stopped, even if it was subjected to various political and ideological limitations, and the Shoah has been publicly debated since the middle of the 1980s, this was not the case in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. Nevertheless, in the last two decades, the importance of the Holocaust was discovered in these countries as well and it is currently conceptualized in the framework of regional, national, and European history.

The question, if and to what extent the Ukrainian nationalists murdered Jews in Volhynia and eastern Galicia during the Holocaust, has haunted Jewish and Ukrainian communities in various countries of the Western world during the entire Cold War. It also puzzled German historians of Eastern Europe and Nazi Germany. Historians, although in theory responsible for investigating and clarifying such difficult aspects of the past, have for various reasons not investigated them or they investigated only other aspects of the Holocaust in Ukraine. This article briefly explains how factions of the Ukrainian diaspora invented a narrative that portrayed Ukrainian nationalists as anti-German and anti-Soviet freedom fighters who did not kill or harm any Jews during the German occupation of Ukraine. In the next step, it shows how testimonies and other sorts of documents left by survivors from Volhynia and eastern Galicia can help historians understand the role that ordinary Ukrainians and the OUN and UPA played in the Shoah in western Ukraine. Finally, it asks why it took Ukrainian, German, Polish, Russian, and other historians so many years to investigate and comprehend the anti-Jewish violence of the Ukrainian nationalists, if relevant documents were collected and made accessible as early as in the middle 1940s.

Deutungen des Ukraine-Konflikts als Kampf um nationale Selbstbestimmung beziehungsweise Faschismus haben auch eine geschichtspolitische Dimension. Die Instrumentalisierung der dafür zentralen Figur Stepan Bandera verdeckt die komplexen Ergebnisse der historischen Forschung. (APuZ)

This article briefly presents the history of the radical form of Ukrainian nationalism paying especial attention to the geopolitical circumstances which formed this movement. Then, it analyzes some aspects of this phenomenon such as its main ideologists, racism, antisemitism, religion, rituals, leaders, concepts of revolution, and the ethnic, political and mass violence conducted before, during and after the Second World War. The article argues that the extreme and genocidal form of Ukrainian nationalism did have a fascist kernel and should be considered a form of European or East Central European fascism. Nevertheless, because of the specific cultural, social and political Ukrainian circumstances the radical form of Ukrainian nationalism differed from better known fascist movements such as German National Socialism or Italian Fascism, and thus it requires a careful and adequate investigation.

Vorspann
Rund ein Viertel aller Opfer des Holocaust stammte aus der Ukraine, die Juden kamen oft bei Massenerschießungen in der Nähe ihrer Wohnorte ums Leben. Obwohl der mörderische Genozid hier so präsent war wie kaum anderswo, taucht er in der Erinnerungsliteratur der ukrainischen Diaspora an den Zweiten Weltkrieg so gut wie gar nicht auf. Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe, ausgewiesener Spezialist für die Geschichte des ukrainischen Nationalismus, vermisst diesen "weißen Fleck" des historischen Gedächtnisses und analysiert das Narrativ, das ihn hervorgebracht hat.

Introduction : fascism without borders : transnational connections and cooperation between movements and regimes in Europe, 1918-1945 / Arnd Bauerkamper and Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe -- Transnational fascism : the fascist new order, violence, and creative destruction / Artistotle Kallis -- Corporatist connections : the transnational rise of the fascist model in interwar Europe / Matteo Pasetti -- Organizing leisure : extension of propaganda into new realms by the Italian and British fascist movements / Anna Lena Kocks -- The brotherhood of youth' : a case study of the Ustasa and Hlinka Youth connections and exchanges / Goran Miljan -- The Estado Novo and Portuguese-German relations in the age of fascism / Claudia Ninhos -- Inter-fascist conflicts in east Central Europe : the Nazis, the "Austrofascists", the Iron Guard, and the organization of Ukrainian nationalists / Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe -- Fascist poetry for Europe : transnational fascism and the case of Robert Brasillach / Marleen Rensen -- Native fascists, transnational anti-semites : the international activity of legionary leader Ion I. Mota / Raul C?rstocea -- Italian fascism from a transnational perspective : the debate on the new European order (1930-1945) / Monica Fioravanzo -- The nazi "new Europe" : transnational concepts of a fascist and volkisch order for the continent / Johannes Dafinger -- Communist anti-fascism and transnational fascism : comparisons, transfers, entanglements / Kasper Brasken -- Antifascism in Europe : networks, exchanges, and influences : the case of Silvio Trentin in Toulouse and in the resistenza in Veneto (1926-1944) / Silvia Madotto -- German and Italian democratic socialists in exile : interpretations of fascism and transnational aspects of resistance in the Sopade and Giustizia E Liberta / Francesco Di Palma -- Afterword : between cooperation and conflict : perspectives of historical research on transnational fascism / Arnd Bauerkamper.