Suchergebnisse

RESUMO Embora os governos das economias de mercado avançadas estejam há muitos anos envolvidos na formulação de políticas destinadas a estimular o avanço científico e a mudança tecnológica, foi somente em meados da década de 1970 que políticas explícitas de "inovação" surgiram. A política de inovação representou uma integração das mais tradicionais "política industrial" e "política de ciência e tecnologia". Durante o início da década de 1980, a ênfase das políticas públicas mais uma vez mudou quando os governos começaram a introduzir as chamadas "políticas de tecnologia". A política de tecnologia envolve a seleção e o desenvolvimento de tecnologias genéricas específicas ou grupos de produtos de alta tecnologia. Hoje, todas as economias europeias avançadas adotaram políticas tecnológicas para apoiar a tecnologia da informação e a biotecnologia. Este artigo discute e compara as políticas de tecnologia no Reino Unido, na França e na República Federal da Alemanha, bem como as políticas que operam no nível europeu promulgadas pela EEC.

ABSTRACTTraditional regional policies largely failed to attract a balanced range of skills to the regions, leaving them deficient in all but 'blue collar' craft skills. Thus, regional policies have hardly equipped the regions to survive during a period when technology is becoming an increasingly important element in competitiveness. In most countries, industry in the regions is composed mainly of mature companies producing traditional products and which often experience great difficulty in adapting to the rapidly changing requirements of the latter part of the twentieth century. Small firms, and especially new small firms appear, in contrast, better able to adapt. Regional policies should, therefore, be directed more towards the creation and growth of technology-based new small firms in the regions. Technology-based large firms are, of course, less dependent on the local environment than on their smaller counterparts and are better able to overcome local technical and market deficiencies. In order to stimulate the growth of innovative small firms, it is necessary to create an innovation infrastructure in the development regions, which, generally, have only limited innovation potential. This infrastructure will comprise a set of policy instruments on both the supply side and the demand side, while at the same time attempting to create a fiscal and regulatory climate conducive to innovatory endeavours by local firms. Perhaps the potentially most powerful element in this environment would be the establishment of local innovation oriented procurement procedures. A number of guidelines for the development of a viable system of innovation-oriented procurement are provided in the final section of this paper.