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If the US has been behind Western European countries in the field of pol'al sci, it is probably because the American scene has been less favorable for the development of Machiavellian interpretation of pol'al phenomena. To cite a distinction drawn by Mosca, American researchers have had a better understanding of the sci of gov than of the art of gov. This inadequacy helps to explain a certain backwardness in the study of pol'al ecology: thus the Tableau Politique de la France de l'Ouest, of A. Siegfried did not receive the attention in the US that it deserved. On the other hand, a sociol of elites & of bur'cy has developed in the wake of Michels. Also the study of international relations has been a stimulus to progress recently in pol'al sociol. The autonomy of admin'tive sci is also recent. In this connection, US pol'al concepts as well as pol'al practices tend toward the exclusion of all pol'al influence & toward the study of admin as a whole which is self explanatory. It is only since the end of WWII that public administration has been studied within the vaster complex of soc & pol'al forces. Actual studies are being conducted on a large scale which includes even soc psychol & anthrop. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

The US is a land of racial & ethno-religious minorities having their effects on voting behavior & foreign policy. Thus, the Irish preference for the Democratic Party since the Federalist Alien & Sedition Acts; later the tendency of the Irish & the Germans to become independent of the Democratic Party because of their opposition to WWIⅈ also the support of Slavic groups for Balkanic nationalism. Overtures to religious groups are frequent in US pol'al tactics. Cath's faced nationwide discrimination before attaining positions of power, but their vote which ceased being Democratic is more & more important because of their concentration in northern cities & Ur zones key to presidential victories. Jews have reacted to anti-Semitism pol'ly & otherwise, & their vote has been mostly Democratic. The creation of Israel is an interesting proof of their influence on US politics. IPSA.