Suchergebnisse

The Egyptian, French-speaking writer and leader of the surrealist movement in Cairo, Georges Henein [1914-1974] was one of the most subversive spirits of pre-Nasser Egypt. The whole of his literary trajectory is crossed by the idea that the artist, in order to be modern, must plunge entirely and unconditionally into the great "social fray": literature is a political weapon with which to carry out social battles and the author must seek assiduously and in all his forms, polemic debates. Approached most of the time from the angle of the history of ideas, or under that of linguistics and rhetoric, polemical writings occupy, in the field of the literary studies, largely a secondary place. This study, which is based on an extremely diversified corpus and which is grounded on a transversal approach to the texts, would like to contribute to forge relevant tools for analysis beyond any singular work herein. In addition, if the adopted point of view is principally literary, the study would like to also propose the bases for an interdisciplinary model useful in the study of the polemical writings, taking approach into account, primarily, the contributions of linguistics and the socio-criticism. Our analysis distinguishes itself from a purely internal approach, which regards the text as a closed structure, as well as from purely external approaches, which approach it like a simple reflection of an external reality. The principal question that the study endeavors to answer deals thus with the way in which the polemical text organizes its articulation with regards to the extra-textual via the central concepts of polemical scene and representation. ; Ecrivain francophone égyptien, chef de file du mouvement surréaliste au Caire, Georges Henein [1914-1974] fut l'un des esprits les plus subversifs de l'Egypte pré-nassérienne. L'ensemble de sa trajectoire littéraire est traversée par l'idée que l'artiste, pour être moderne, doit se jeter à corps perdu dans la grande « mêlée sociale » : la littérature est une arme du combat politique et l'auteur pratiqua, assidûment et sous toutes ses formes, la polémique. Abordées la plupart du temps sous l'angle de l'histoire des idées ou sous celui de la linguistique et de la rhétorique, les écritures polémiques occupent, dans le champ des études littéraires, une place très réduite. Cette étude, qui s'appuie sur un large corpus emprunté à l'auteur égyptien et qui se fonde sur une approche transversale des textes, voudrait contribuer à forger des outils d'analyse pertinents au-delà d'une œuvre singulière. Par ailleurs, si le principal point de vue adopté est littéraire, l'étude voudrait également jeter les fondements d'une approche interdisciplinaire des écritures polémiques, prenant en compte, en particulier, les apports de la linguistique et de la sociocritique. L'analyse se distingue aussi bien des approches purement internes, qui considèrent le texte comme structure close, que des approches purement externes, qui l'abordent comme simple reflet d'une réalité extérieure. La principale interrogation à laquelle l'étude s'efforce de répondre porte ainsi sur la manière dont le texte polémique organise son articulation avec l'extratextuel, par l'intermédiaire des notions centrales de scène et de représentation polémiques.

The Egyptian, French-speaking writer and leader of the surrealist movement in Cairo, Georges Henein [1914-1974] was one of the most subversive spirits of pre-Nasser Egypt. The whole of his literary trajectory is crossed by the idea that the artist, in order to be modern, must plunge entirely and unconditionally into the great "social fray": literature is a political weapon with which to carry out social battles and the author must seek assiduously and in all his forms, polemic debates. Approached most of the time from the angle of the history of ideas, or under that of linguistics and rhetoric, polemical writings occupy, in the field of the literary studies, largely a secondary place. This study, which is based on an extremely diversified corpus and which is grounded on a transversal approach to the texts, would like to contribute to forge relevant tools for analysis beyond any singular work herein. In addition, if the adopted point of view is principally literary, the study would like to also propose the bases for an interdisciplinary model useful in the study of the polemical writings, taking approach into account, primarily, the contributions of linguistics and the socio-criticism. Our analysis distinguishes itself from a purely internal approach, which regards the text as a closed structure, as well as from purely external approaches, which approach it like a simple reflection of an external reality. The principal question that the study endeavors to answer deals thus with the way in which the polemical text organizes its articulation with regards to the extra-textual via the central concepts of polemical scene and representation. ; Ecrivain francophone égyptien, chef de file du mouvement surréaliste au Caire, Georges Henein [1914-1974] fut l'un des esprits les plus subversifs de l'Egypte pré-nassérienne. L'ensemble de sa trajectoire littéraire est traversée par l'idée que l'artiste, pour être moderne, doit se jeter à corps perdu dans la grande « mêlée sociale » : la littérature est une arme du combat ...

"This paper aims to demonstrate that the strategic approach to link formation can generate networks that share some of the main structural properties of most real social networks. For this purpose, we introduce a spatialized variation of the Connections model (Jackson and Wolinsky 1996) to describe the strategic formation of links by agents who balance the benefits of forming links resulting from imperfect knowledge flows against their costs, which increase with geographic distance. We show, for intermediate levels of knowledge transferability, clustering occurs in geographical space and a few agents sustain distant connections. Such networks exhibit the small world property (high clustering and short average relational distances). When the costs of link formation are normally distributed across agents, asymmetric degree distributions are also obtained." [author's abstract]

Résumé Cet article est dédié à l'analyse des facteurs qui influencent l'usage des Technologies de l'information et de la communication ( tic ) par les firmes industrielles françaises et vise à identifier des sources d'inégalités dans ce processus. Nous testons l'influence de facteurs organisationnels et spatiaux sur l'intensité d'usage des tic par les firmes, et notamment l'influence de la nature plus ou moins urbaine ( vs rurale) de leur zone de localisation. Nous examinons ensuite les déterminants du comportement des firmes selon leur localisation. Nous trouvons, en contrôlant pour les effets de la taille et du secteur d'appartenance de l'entreprise, qu'une localisation en zone rurale réduit la probabilité de l'adoption et de l'intensité de l'usage de ces technologies. Les résultats mettent également en évidence, au-delà de l'existence d'un tel gap technologique entre les firmes des zones urbaines et rurales, l'influence de la qualification de la main-d'œuvre et, plus généralement, celle des caractéristiques structurelles et des modes d'organisation des firmes.

In this paper, we make an exploratory use of computational techniques (genetic algorithms and Monte Carlo simulations) to compute efficient and emergent networks in a spatialized version of the connections model of Jackson and Wolinski (Jackson, M.O., Wolinski, A., 1996. A strategic model of social and economic networks. Journal of Economic Theory 71, 44–74). This approach allows us to observe and discuss inefficiencies that arise in a strategic network formation context with imperfectly link-mediated positive externalities to connections and spatial link costs. Our results highlight that, depending on the strength of the externalities, emergent and efficient networks may share several structural properties. Nevertheless, emergent networks are insufficiently dense and should be more structured around central agents.

En adoptant une démarche scientifique (linguistique, psychanalytique et histoirique) appliquée au Coran et aux Dits du Prophète Mahomet, Olfa Youssef propose une relecture novatrice de l'Islam en choisissant des sujets actuels qui animent les sociétés arabes. En revendiquant le droit à l'interprétation des textes sacrés en tant que femme, Olfa Youssef, met à l'épreuve les règles islamiques traditionnelles patriarcales qui codifient l'héritage, la polygamie, l'homosexualité. Composé de chapitres thématiques accessibles au grand public, l'ouvrage vise à montrer qu'une égalité de traitement entre hommes et femmes est possible dans le monde arabo-musulman.Ce texte a été publié en arabe aux Editions Sahar (Tunis) en 2010 et en anglais chez Lexington Books en 2017

Background: Although native to North America, the invasion of the aphid-like grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae across the globe altered the course of grape cultivation. For the past 150 years, viticulture relied on grafting-resistant North American Vitis species as rootstocks, thereby limiting genetic stocks tolerant to other stressors such as pathogens and climate change. Limited understanding of the insect genetics resulted in successive outbreaks across the globe when rootstocks failed. Here we report the 294-Mb genome of D. vitifoliae as a basic tool to understand host plant manipulation, nutritional endosymbiosis, and enhance global viticulture. Results: Using a combination of genome, RNA, and population resequencing, we found grape phylloxera showed high duplication rates since its common ancestor with aphids, but similarity in most metabolic genes, despite lacking obligate nutritional symbioses and feeding from parenchyma. Similarly, no enrichment occurred in development genes in relation to viviparity. However, phylloxera evolved > 2700 unique genes that resemble putative effectors and are active during feeding. Population sequencing revealed the global invasion began from the upper Mississippi River in North America, spread to Europe and from there to the rest of the world. Conclusions: The grape phylloxera genome reveals genetic architecture relative to the evolution of nutritional endosymbiosis, viviparity, and herbivory. The extraordinary expansion in effector genes also suggests novel adaptations to plant feeding and how insects induce complex plant phenotypes, for instance galls. Finally, our understanding of the origin of this invasive species and its genome provide genetics resources to alleviate rootstock bottlenecks restricting the advancement of viticulture. ; This work has been funded by INRAE (France) and by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 764840 for the ITN IGNITE project. Rosa Fernandez was funded by a Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación Fellowship (Government of Spain, IJCI-2015-26627) and a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship (747607). Angela Douglas was supported by the US National Institute of Food and Agriculture Grant 12216941. Honglin Feng was supported by a University of Miami Maytag Fellowship, William H. Evoy Graduate Research Support Fund, and a Molecular Biosciences Graduate Research Award from the Department of Biology.