Suchergebnisse

Aquesta tesi contribueix a examinar com i per què el carbó continua dominant la matriu energètica mundial, malgrat les velles i noves preocupacions socioecològiques i com i per què es posa en dubte, utilitzant narratives de justícia ambiental i climàtica. Tot i que el carbó continua regnant en la matriu energètica mundial, els patrons del comerç mundial de carbó estan canviant. L'Índia està preparada per jugar un paper de lideratge en un futur pròxim, ja que la producció, el consum i el comerç de carbó engloben noves geografies al sud global. Al mateix temps, l'Índia també lidera la transició cap a les energies renovables a nivell mundial. Primer exploro aquesta paradoxa mirant els patrons metabòlics socials i els factors d'ecologia política i argumento que la transició energètica es dirigeix, en realitat, cap a més carbó tot i una retòrica dominada per les renovables. A continuació, exploro com això s'està facilitant amb la creació d'una nova geografia costanera, en paral·lel a les antigues geografies del carbó. Tot seguit, exploro com s'està qüestionant aquesta pujada del carbó i com s'estan configurant les protestes en regions amb poblacions marginades amb desigualtats preexistents. Defenso la necessitat d'una justícia ambiental decolonial per esbrinar com interactuen les múltiples formes de violència i perpetuen les injustícies ambientals mitjançant el que anomeno violència processal. Finalment, examino les múltiples maneres com les protestes contra el carbó de tot el món que fan servir una narrativa de justícia climàtica estan connectades. Exploro 61 casos de resistència i esbosso tres grans tipus de classificacions sobre les connexions. Defenso la necessitat de moviments decolonials per la justícia climàtica que s'adhereixin a les preocupacions locals i que no impulsin una narrativa global de dalt a baix, proporcionant dos exemples de l'Índia en què aquest enfocament perjudica més que beneficia a un moviment. La tesi es basa en un enfocament de mètodes mixts, que se centra en la investigació ...

Aquesta tesi contribueix a examinar com i per què el carbó continua dominant la matriu energètica mundial, malgrat les velles i noves preocupacions socioecològiques i com i per què es posa en dubte, utilitzant narratives de justícia ambiental i climàtica. Tot i que el carbó continua regnant en la matriu energètica mundial, els patrons del comerç mundial de carbó estan canviant. L'Índia està preparada per jugar un paper de lideratge en un futur pròxim, ja que la producció, el consum i el comerç de carbó engloben noves geografies al sud global. Al mateix temps, l'Índia també lidera la transició cap a les energies renovables a nivell mundial. Primer exploro aquesta paradoxa mirant els patrons metabòlics socials i els factors d'ecologia política i argumento que la transició energètica es dirigeix, en realitat, cap a més carbó tot i una retòrica dominada per les renovables. A continuació, exploro com això s'està facilitant amb la creació d'una nova geografia costanera, en paral·lel a les antigues geografies del carbó. Tot seguit, exploro com s'està qüestionant aquesta pujada del carbó i com s'estan configurant les protestes en regions amb poblacions marginades amb desigualtats preexistents. Defenso la necessitat d'una justícia ambiental decolonial per esbrinar com interactuen les múltiples formes de violència i perpetuen les injustícies ambientals mitjançant el que anomeno violència processal. Finalment, examino les múltiples maneres com les protestes contra el carbó de tot el món que fan servir una narrativa de justícia climàtica estan connectades. Exploro 61 casos de resistència i esbosso tres grans tipus de classificacions sobre les connexions. Defenso la necessitat de moviments decolonials per la justícia climàtica que s'adhereixin a les preocupacions locals i que no impulsin una narrativa global de dalt a baix, proporcionant dos exemples de l'Índia en què aquest enfocament perjudica més que beneficia a un moviment. La tesi es basa en un enfocament de mètodes mixts, que se centra en la investigació ...

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M ; Coal is on the rise in India: despite the devasting impacts of the climate crisis, the awareness for land and forest rights, and political talk of a coal phase-out. In this article, we demonstrate that despite the renewables-led rhetoric, India is in the midst of a transition to (not away from) greater use of coal in its fossil energy system and in the electricity system in particular. We investigate this paradox by combining socio-metabolic and political-ecological analysis of the Indian coal complex. Our framework integrates material and energy flow data as characterizing the Indian fossil energy transition, indicators on the development and structure of the coal industry, and studies of ecological distribution conflicts around coal. The dominant claim to expansive use of coal and the competing counterclaims are indicative of underlying power relations which can also be witnessed in other countries. In India, they extend into the conflicted development of renewable energy including hydropower, in which the land dispossession, exclusion, and injustices associated with the expansion of the coal complex are reproduced. We conclude that the current energy transition - in which coal continues to play a dominant role - is neither sustainable nor just.

Cet article présente une revue des mouvements de justice environnementale en Inde, à partir d'une combinaison d'informations provenant de l'Atlas de la justice environnementale (EJAtlas), de travaux de terrain et d'une analyse de la littérature secondaire. L'auteur souligne ici l'intensité des conflits, les armes judiciaires qui confortent les manifestations et le changement des slogans avec le temps, ainsi que les synergies et les alliances anciennes et actuelles entre ces mouvements indiens. Pour l'analyse sont combinés l'utilisation de statistiques descriptives et quelques exemples concrets. Enfin, il est proposé un débat sur la signification du terme « succès » appliqué à la justice environnementale, sujet sur lequel des recherches plus approfondies s'avèrent nécessaires.

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 ; With each passing year, defending land and water, livelihoods and cultures appears to become more violent. Against the alarming number of murders of environmental activists or environmental defenders, which is the easiest way to recognize violence, this article aims to analyse other visible and invisible ways in which violence is manifested. Using a multidimensional approach and referring to case studies from the EJAtlas and other sources, it looks at the multiple manifestations of violence. It concludes that a south-south collaboration in academic-activist coproduced research on environmental justice movements would shed light on realities which often escape mainstream ecological economics and political ecology.

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 ; With each passing year, defending land and water, livelihoods and cultures appears to become more violent. Against the alarming number of murders of environmental activists or environmental defenders, which is the easiest way to recognize violence, this article aims to analyse other visible and invisible ways in which violence is manifested. Using a multidimensional approach and referring to case studies from the EJAtlas and other sources, it looks at the multiple manifestations of violence. It concludes that a south-south collaboration in academic-activist coproduced research on environmental justice movements would shed light on realities which often escape mainstream ecological economics and political ecology.

Coal in India is considered more than a commodity with diverse social, cultural and political implications. It symbolizes a moral endeavor linked with economic development and nation-building in the popular imaginary. Despite this, extraction and use of coal to produce electricity leads to conflicts, involving marginalized, often indigenous communities. The state of Jharkhand in the eastern part of the country contains the highest coal reserves and has many conflictive mines and thermal power plants. In this article, using the lens of critical environmental justice, I analyze ten cases of coal conflicts in Jharkhand to provide an overview about the people mobilizing, the types of mobilizations and the outcomes. Looking at the four pillars of critical environmental justice scholarship, I analyze in depth one case study to show the need for critical research to study conflicts involving marginalized communities and for expanding the boundaries of the field.

Menopause is defined as the complete cessation of the menstrual cycle in women for twelve consecutive months. Although menopause is an important aspect of the female reproductive health cycle, it is often ignored. Women may experience different menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms ranging from mild to severe. In the present study, a cross-sectional survey of 200 women in their postmenopausal years was conducted across Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR). A pretested questionnaire was given to a random population of postmenopausal women to record various postmenopausal symptoms and the coping strategies adopted by them. The mean age of menopause of the sample population was 47.48 years, and body mass index seemed to affect the age of onset of menopause. The majority of women experienced postmenopausal symptoms, with 95.28% experiencing more than one symptom, ranging from fatigue and sleep disturbances to severe symptoms such as anxiety attacks, palpitations and joint pains. Many women used different coping strategies, such as changes in lifestyle and social interaction with other women experiencing menopause. Very few women used hormone replacement therapy as a coping mechanism and most of them were ignorant about the same. Interestingly, both education and working status were observed to affect the adoption of coping strategies by women in Delhi–NCR. The results of the study emphasize the need of addressing the problems of the postmenopausal population and incorporating the same in the national healthcare programme.

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M ; Recent research and policies recognize the importance of environmental defenders for global sustainability and emphasize their need for protection against violence and repression. However, effective support may benefit from a more systematic understanding of the underlying environmental conflicts, as well as from better knowledge on the factors that enable environmental defenders to mobilize successfully. We have created the global Environmental Justice Atlas to address this knowledge gap. Here we present a large-n analysis of 2743 cases that sheds light on the characteristics of environmental conflicts and the environmental defenders involved, as well as on successful mobilization strategies. We find that bottom-up mobilizations for more sustainable and socially just uses of the environment occur worldwide across all income groups, testifying to the global existence of various forms of grassroots environmentalism as a promising force for sustainability. Environmental defenders are frequently members of vulnerable groups who employ largely non-violent protest forms. In 11% of cases globally, they contributed to halt environmentally destructive and socially conflictive projects, defending the environment and livelihoods. Combining strategies of preventive mobilization, protest diversification and litigation can increase this success rate significantly to up to 27%. However, defenders face globally also high rates of criminalization (20% of cases), physical violence (18%), and assassinations (13%), which significantly increase when Indigenous people are involved. Our results call for targeted actions to enhance the conditions enabling successful mobilizations, and for specific support for Indigenous environmental defenders.

Recent research and policies recognize the importance of environmental defenders for global sustainability and emphasize their need for protection against violence and repression. However, effective support may benefit from a more systematic understanding of the underlying environmental conflicts, as well as from better knowledge on the factors that enable environmental defenders to mobilize successfully. We have created the global Environmental Justice Atlas to address this knowledge gap. Here we present a large-n analysis of 2743 cases that sheds light on the characteristics of environmental conflicts and the environmental defenders involved, as well as on successful mobilization strategies. We find that bottom-up mobilizations for more sustainable and socially just uses of the environment occur worldwide across all income groups, testifying to the global existence of various forms of grassroots environmentalism as a promising force for sustainability. Environmental defenders are frequently members of vulnerable groups who employ largely non-violent protest forms. In 11% of cases globally, they contributed to halt environmentally destructive and socially conflictive projects, defending the environment and livelihoods. Combining strategies of preventive mobilization, protest diversification and litigation can increase this success rate significantly to up to 27%. However, defenders face globally also high rates of criminalization (20% of cases), physical violence (18%), and assassinations (13%), which significantly increase when Indigenous people are involved. Our results call for targeted actions to enhance the conditions enabling successful mobilizations, and for specific support for Indigenous environmental defenders.