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Territories (regions, cities, districts…) are considered today to play an important role in economic activities and growth. There is therefore an increasing need for local-level tools to support effective territorial policies. Economic-base theory is a conventional theoretical framework used to describe the main short-term factors of economic development in highly-open economies. While in the mainstream application of this theory only export activities are considered to be basic, in that they generate external income, the literature highlights the importance of day-today mobility, the so-called "residential" economy and the "in-place" or "presential" economy, for the development of these kind of economies. This raises questions about two assumptions of traditional economic-base theory: that individuals may use a non-marginal fraction of their income to buy consumer goods and services outside their place of residence; and that the income of an area's residents may differ from income produced in that area. This paper seeks to explore the theoretical implications of these two fundamental characteristics of highly-open economies. 2

Territories (regions, cities, districts…) are considered today to play an important role in economic activities and growth. There is therefore an increasing need for local-level tools to support effective territorial policies. Economic-base theory is a conventional theoretical framework used to describe the main short-term factors of economic development in highly-open economies. While in the mainstream application of this theory only export activities are considered to be basic, in that they generate external income, the literature highlights the importance of day-today mobility, the so-called "residential" economy and the "in-place" or "presential" economy, for the development of these kind of economies. This raises questions about two assumptions of traditional economic-base theory: that individuals may use a non-marginal fraction of their income to buy consumer goods and services outside their place of residence; and that the income of an area's residents may differ from income produced in that area. This paper seeks to explore the theoretical implications of these two fundamental characteristics of highly-open economies. 2

Territories (regions, cities, districts…) are considered today to play an important role in economic activities and growth. There is therefore an increasing need for local-level tools to support effective territorial policies. Economic-base theory is a conventional theoretical framework used to describe the main short-term factors of economic development in highly-open economies. While in the mainstream application of this theory only export activities are considered to be basic, in that they generate external income, the literature highlights the importance of day-today mobility, the so-called "residential" economy and the "in-place" or "presential" economy, for the development of these kind of economies. This raises questions about two assumptions of traditional economic-base theory: that individuals may use a non-marginal fraction of their income to buy consumer goods and services outside their place of residence; and that the income of an area's residents may differ from income produced in that area. This paper seeks to explore the theoretical implications of these two fundamental characteristics of highly-open economies. 2

If you want to know how the Alps area will look like in 2050 our ESPON project Alps 2050 is the best source of information. The project focused on the challenges the broader Alpine area is facing such as specific geographical position, globalisation, demographic trends, climate change and its impact on the environment, biodiversity, territorial pattern of activities and living conditions. The major challenge for the Alpine area is to balance economic development and environmental protection in a way that will ensure quality and sustainable living standards for its inhabitants.The Alps 2050 project developed a unique atlas, to project these challenges and develop spatial visions and perspectives for the Alpine region towards the year 2050. It visualises the existing data from the project that show structures, patterns and trends that contextualise the spatial development, to fuel the debate on territorial development in the Alps.What is evident when reading the Atlas is that the Alpine region is certainly a very dynamic region offering multiple opportunities for future development without focusing solely on growth dynamic. But the territorial development in the Alpine Region is complex and diverse. Different maps tell different stories as sometimes it is the morphological context that sets the picture, the contrast between urban and rural areas or the differences between North and South or East and West.This complexity underlines the fact that spatial development is not determined only by mountains and morphology, it is equally a political process open for political struggles, societal debates and democratic decisions.Policymakers should consider this reality in their designing of territorial strategies. From a transnational perspective, the parallels can be perceived as common challenges that stand in the heart of macro-regional strategy implementation. At the same time, regional and national differences can be a potential for diversity, best developed on political levels of the European multi-level system in ...