Suchergebnisse

El modelo residencial disperso, consistente en un dominio de viviendas unifamiliares con baja densidad de construcción y población, se está extendiendo en Europa y en España. La crisis sanitaria de la COVID-19 previsiblemente acelerará esta dinámica hacia la dispersión urbana. En este contexto, en este artículo utilizamos el modelo input-output para evaluar el impacto sectorial y sobre las emisiones de CO2 de un incremento de la dispersión en el área metropolitana de Madrid. Nuestros resultados muestran la relevancia de la forma urbana en la eficiencia energética.

The latest research and development (R&D) framework programmes of the European Union (EU), "Horizon 2020" and "Horizon Europe", have significantly increased the resources available to promote science and innovation in Europe. However, the strong competitiveness of the research teams and their search for excellence may cause inequality in the spatial distribution of investment effort in R&D. The aim of this paper is to analyse the geographic distribution of R&D spending in the EU. A greater concentration of funds is observed in the most advanced and dynamic economies, capable of promoting more competitive research teams and projects. Through an empirical analysis, estimated by a spatial convergence model, it is found that EU R&D funds are preventing cross-regional convergence in Europe by driving growth mainly in wealthier regions. Based on these results, it seems relevant to consider spatial correction mechanisms for the distribution of R&D resources so that they achieve greater territorial cohesion in Europe.

Antecedentes: La búsqueda de las tasas impositivas óptimas ha sido recurrente en las discusiones de política fiscal. En particular, la relación entre la estructura tributaria y el crecimiento económico ha hecho resurgir la hipótesis de Laffer que implica la existencia de una relación parabólica entre el nivel de impuestos y los ingresos obtenidos. Nuestra hipótesis es que las zonas urbanas tienen un impacto igualmente significativo sobre la disposición a pagar impuestos y puede existir igual o más heterogeneidad entre los tamaños urbanos que entre los diferentes territorios. Metodología: En este artículo se contrasta la hipótesis de Laffer para el caso español utilizando microdatos del Instituto de Estudios Fiscales (IEF) para el año 2009 en diferentes escenarios espaciales. Para ello, se utiliza una muestra de declarantes de corte transversal estimada con mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Resultados: La presencia de una relación parabólica entre la carga tributaria y la recaudación de impuestos permite obtener una tasa impositiva que maximiza los ingresos fiscales en torno a 30%, el doble del promedio aplicado. Por regiones, hemos observado variaciones importantes que justifican la existencia de un alto grado de descentralización fiscal. Pero esta variabilidad es también importante según el tamaño de las ciudades. Los ingresos fiscales máximos de las dos principales ciudades, Madrid y Barcelona, se obtienen con una tasa impositiva de 34%, mientras que todas las demás ciudades alcanzan el máximo de ingresos fiscales a tasas similares.Conclusiones: Cuanto menor es el tamaño de la ciudad, menor es la tasa impositiva que maximiza los ingresos fiscales, abriendo una brecha más grande cuanto más pequeña es la ciudad.

El envejecimiento de la población europea alcanza niveles alarmantes y continuará creciendo en las próximas décadas. Además, se observa una concentración espacial de la población mayor de sesenta y cinco años. Por ello se ha despertado la necesidad de articular estrategias, políticas y buenas prácticas destinadas, bien a reducir el ritmo de envejecimiento de ciertas zonas, atrayendo población joven, o bien a adaptar los entornos urbanos y rurales a su realidad demográfica y mejorar la calidad de vida de la población envejecida. Este trabajo propone una revisión panorámica de las experiencias más interesantes realizadas en distintos lugares de la Unión Europea. Las experiencias revisadas, pertenecientes en buena medida a regiones avanzadas del norte de Europa, se han estructurado en cuatro bloques: i) ciudades e infraestructuras para una población envejecida; ii) políticas y buenas prácticas dirigidas a personas de avanzada edad y adaptación al envejecimiento; iii) políticas para la atracción de familias jóvenes, y iv) políticas de dinamización económica. ; The aging population in Europe is reaching alarming ratios and is going to continue growing during the next decades. Furthermore, if we pay attention to the aging spatial distribution we observe a concentration of the older population in the peripheral regions. In this context, the development of strategies, policies and good practices becomes necessary in order to reduce the rate of aging of certain places, attracting young population, or adapting the urban or rural environments to the aging improving in this way, the quality of life of old population. This work proposes a panoramic revision of the most important experiences carried out with that objective in several places in the EU, mainly in northern regions of Europe. The reviewed experiences are organized in four groups: i) cities and infrastructures for the older population; ii) policies and good practices to adapt places to old population; iii) policies to attract young population and iv) policies to ...

European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Grant/Award Number: 726950 IMAJINE

Despite seven decades of development of the European Union project, on 23 June 2016, the United Kingdom, Europe and the rest of the world were surprised when the Leave campaign won the Brexit referendum, offering an extraordinary case study for researchers. We spatially disaggregate the vote share data, which allows us to explore where anti-European sentiment took root in the UK and why. In this paper, a spatial dependence model is applied to clarify and quantify the relevance of the different dimensions - demographic, cultural/educational and economic - that play a role in explaining the rise of support for the Leave campaign. The analysis is conducted at the local level, using local authorities (LAs) as the spatial unit of analysis due to the combination of official datasets with newly generated data in the context of an EU H2020 project. A new indicator capturing the affluence of each local area relative to its close neighbours is proposed and included in the model. In general, we observe that most of the main conclusions obtained by large regions or at the national level also hold at the local scale. However, it is particularly interesting that inequalities by LAs are clearly significant, indicating a marked influence on voters' decisions that have thus far been unaccounted for. This result provides further support for the existence of, to use Andrés Rodriguez-Pose's terminology, an even more intense "revenge of the places that do not matter" at the local scale.

AbstractIn the 2000s, and with natural population growth rates close to zero, Spain experienced an inflow of almost 5 million immigrants. These new Spanish residents did not tend to locate evenly across the territory and contributed to putting pressure on the already large spatial population imbalances between cities and rural areas, between the coast and the interior and between the central and peripheral areas. Covering the whole Spanish territory and using the 804 Spanish local labour markets as units of analysis, the objective of this paper is to analyse the local determinants of the attractiveness of a place for immigrants. The estimation of geographically weighted regressions (GWR) shows the necessity of including spatial heterogeneity in the analysis, as the effect of the traditional factors explaining immigrant concentration processes—such as job‐related characteristics or the networks established by previous immigrants—exert different and even contrary effects across the Spanish territory. Although global estimations would reject the significance of agglomeration economies or the relative location of a place, the adoption of the GWR approach shows that these regional economic factors are key to understanding the geographical concentration of immigrants in Spain but show different—even contrary—responses across space. Spatial heterogeneity supports the idea that any national/regional policy to enhance (or contain) immigrant concentration should be designed a la carte and be implemented at the local level.

AbstractSpain is an ageing country, and the present demographic burden is not homogeneously distributed across space. Will the aged population be evenly distributed in the future, or will disparities broaden over time? Identifying the spatial patterns of the aged population concentration and the existence of a demographic burden convergence/divergence process is a pertinent question in Spain after the regional devolution the country has undergone in the last decades and the coexistence of different regimes. In this paper, we use a non‐parametric approach (geographically weighted regressions) to identify the determinants of the ageing dynamics, checking for the existence of a convergence/divergence ageing process after controlling for the socio‐economic characteristics of the Spanish municipalities. Although global estimations support the convergence hypotheses posed, GWR results show a significant variability of the effects depending on the area considered, which calls for a careful treatment of the results both for analysis and policy purposes.

ABSTRACTThe probability of being employed varies depending on several factors. Many of these are related to personal characteristics such as educational level, age, gender, or number and age of children. Nevertheless, other factors may be relevant, in particular the geographical environment. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relevance of urban size and the position of each territory (in terms of its distance from large metropolises) for the probability of being employed in the Spanish economy. Following the set of economic regions suggested by Polése, Shearmur and Rubiera (2007), we try to explain the spatial patterns of employment distribution. Our results show some relevant differences between these alternative economic areas. We find that municipalities with similar sizes and located at a similar distance from a metropolis but belonging to different Autonomous Communities or provinces share similar employability patterns.

AbstractMexico has experienced intense urbanization in recent decades. Although all the metropolitan areas of the country have grown, the size generated by the megalopolis of the Valle de México is especially relevant since it is able to generate more intense agglomeration economies than those of the rest of the urban concentrations. This heterogeneity in the urban structure of the country makes the analysis of the effect of agglomeration economies on productivity for the Mexican case especially interesting. Through a panel model with fixed effects, we studied the effects of agglomeration economies on labor productivity of the manufacturing industry in the metropolitan municipalities of Mexico. We propose an adaptation of the model of Combes (2000) to isolate the effects of localization economies though a specialization index and urbanization economies though an index of economic diversity and occupational density. Our results indicate that specialization and the level of economic diversity clearly contribute to explaining the productivity levels of manufacturers among metropolitan municipalities.

This research has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 726950 IMAJINE.

AbstractIn this paper, Ciccone's () approach is applied to the Spanish case in 2011 but by estimating it using local labor markets (LLMs) instead of NUTS‐2 or NUTS‐3 regions. It is especially relevant in the case of Spain because the NUTS‐3 (provinces) are large regions in comparison with other cases in Europe. From a sample of income taxpayers published by the Spanish Fiscal Studies Institute, we derive figures on average wages by worker on the scale of LLMs. We argue that working at this level of spatial disaggregation is more in line with the idea of externalities from agglomerations, which are generated on a local scale. We can also observe intra‐regional heterogeneity and how the urban wage premium changes along the entire distribution of cities, including small‐medium size urban areas or rural areas. The empirical analysis is based on several estimation strategies, namely, ordinary least squares, two‐stages least squares, quantile regressions (QR), and instrumental variable quantile regressions (IVQR) estimators; they all find a significantly positive effect of agglomeration in the conditional mean of wages. This result can be estimated along the conditional distribution of wages. According to the QR and IVQR estimates, important variations are found along the distribution.