At this moment the family, like other institutions, is undergoing a process of individualization, that affects the social functions traditionally assumed by the family & the relationships among its members. Although the family is presented as a flexible & dynamic institution, it does not seem able to manage the risks, tensions & conflicts to which it is subject as a result of the crisis of the welfare State & the structural changes now taking place. The changes & conflicts that are generated in the heart of the family institution demand the articulation of new languages, rules, resources & styles, which cannot be confronted from the encapsulation in which the family finds itself. A new family/society pact must be established to which a strong citizenry can return, creating public spaces, times, languages to redefine the private & the public. Spain is not exempt from the phenomenon of individualization, as shown by the latest reforms in family law with the aim of making the institution of marriage meet the demand individual rights. Adapted from the source document.
El artículo analiza la tensión permanente que ha existido y continúan existiendo entre los procesos de individualización y los de construcción de ciudadanía. Ya sea que se los considere en términos de objetivos a alcanzar o bien, como pares antagónicos cuya contradicción no ha podido ser superada. Se presenta así, el relato de cómo se han ido tejiendo y configurando las distintas nociones acerca del individuo y el ciudadano, en tanto producto de realidades históricas y sociales determinadas, aquellas que caracterizaron a la primera modernidad y más tarde a la segunda o modernidad tardía, según algunos autores. Sustentadas por los ideales de la democracia, en un caso y del capitalismo en el otro, ambas han librado una batalla sin solución de continuidad, que deriva de la profunda contradicción entre las posibilidades de realización de ambas al mismo tiempo. Finalmente, se considera la impronta que la gran transformación de la sociedad europea dejó sobre América Latina, pero reconociendo también la existencia de realidades específicas y movimientos reivindicatorios de la propia identidad, que en la mayoría de los casos han sido ocultados por la política de la historia. ; The paper analyzes the stress standing, which has existed and still exist between the processes of individualization and the construction of citizenship. Whether they are considered in terms of objectives or, as peers whose antagonistic contradiction could not be overcome. It is presented well, the story of how they have been weaving and shaping different notions about the individual and the citizen, while proceeds from certain social and historical realities, those that characterized the first modernity and then to the second or late modernity , According to some authors. Supported by the ideals of democracy, in one case and of capitalism in the other, the two have waged a battle without solution of continuity, which derives from the profound contradiction between the possibilities of carrying out both at the same time. Finally, it is considered ...
[ES] en este trabajo se analizan las ilustraciones que contienen los manuales escolares utilizados en las aulas españolas durante las dos primeras décadas del franquismo, con el fin de interpretar qué identidad nacional se intentaba transmitir a través de estos grabados y cómo. El análisis se basa en los textos de lectura que los maestros e inspectores de la época nombraron como preferidos tal y como recoge Francisca Montilla en un cuestionario publicado en 1954 por el CSIC. Además, queremos valorar la importancia que el régimen concedió a las imágenes como un medio para transmitir contenidos, valores e ideología. ; [EN] In this article I analyse the illustrations presented in the school textbooks which were used in the Spanish classrooms during the two first decades of the Franco Dictatorship. The aim is to study and comprehend the national identity which was transmitted via these pictures, and how it was transmitted or projected. The school textbooks have been selected from a recollection of manuals pointed as their favourite ones by teachers and inspectors. The collection was published in 1954 by the High Council of Scientific Research (CSIC) following a research carried out by a primary school inspector, Francisca Montilla. I would also like to highlight the importance given to images by the political regime, as a means to transmit their ideology, knowledge, and values.
European Natural Science Collections (NSC) are part of the global natural and cultural capital and represent 80% of the world bio-and geo-diversity. Data derived from these collections underpin thousands of scholarly publications and official reports (used to support legislative and regulatory processes relating to health, food, security, sustainability and environmental change) and let to inventions and products that today play an important role in our bio-economy. In the last decades, the research practice in natural sciences changed dramatically. Advances in digital, genomic and information technologies enable natural science collections to provide new insights but also ask for changing the current operational and business models of individual collections held at local natural history museums and universities. A new business model that provides unified access to collection objects and all scientific data derived from them. Although aggregating infrastructures like the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GenBank and Catalogue of Life now successfully aggregate data on specific data classes, the landscape remains fragmented with limited capacity to bring together this information in a systematic and robust manner and with scattered access to the physical objects. The Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo) represents a pan-European initiative, and the largest ever agreement of natural science museums, to jointly address the fragmentation of European collections. DiSSCo is unifying European natural science collections into a coherent new research infrastructure, able to provide bio- and geo-diversity data at the scale, form and precision required by a multi-disciplinary user base in science. DiSSCo is harmonising digitisation, curation and publication processes and workflows across the scientific collections in Europe and enables linking of occurrence, genomic, chemical and morphological data classes as well as publications and experts to the physical object. In this paper we will present the ...
European Natural Science Collections (NSC) are part of the global natural and cultural capital and represent 80% of the world bio-and geo-diversity. Data derived from these collections underpin thousands of scholarly publications and official reports (used to support legislative and regulatory processes relating to health, food, security, sustainability and environmental change) and let to inventions and products that today play an important role in our bio-economy. In the last decades, the research practice in natural sciences changed dramatically. Advances in digital, genomic and information technologies enable natural science collections to provide new insights but also ask for changing the current operational and business models of individual collections held at local natural history museums and universities. A new business model that provides unified access to collection objects and all scientific data derived from them. Although aggregating infrastructures like the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GenBank and Catalogue of Life now successfully aggregate data on specific data classes, the landscape remains fragmented with limited capacity to bring together this information in a systematic and robust manner and with scattered access to the physical objects. The Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo) represents a pan-European initiative, and the largest ever agreement of natural science museums, to jointly address the fragmentation of European collections. DiSSCo is unifying European natural science collections into a coherent new research infrastructure, able to provide bio- and geo-diversity data at the scale, form and precision required by a multi-disciplinary user base in science. DiSSCo is harmonising digitisation, curation and publication processes and workflows across the scientific collections in Europe and enables linking of occurrence, genomic, chemical and morphological data classes as well as publications and experts to the physical object. In this paper we will present the socio-cultural and governance aspects of this research infrastructure. DiSSCo is receiving political support from 11 countries in Europe and will gradually change its funding model from institutional to national funding, with temporary funding from the EC to support the preparation and development. Solutions to achieve large scale digitisation are currently designed in the EC funded ICEDIG project to underpin the future large scale digitisation carried out by the countries. Unified virtual (digitisation on demand) and transnational physical access to the collections is over the next four years being developed in the EC funded SYNTHESYS+ project. The governance of DiSSCo is designed to gradually change from a steering committee composed of a few large natural history museums contributing in cash to initiate the development into a legal entity in which national consortia are represented, with a central coordination office for daily management. Each country individually decides how its entities (scientific collection facilities, research councils, governmental bodies) are organised in their national consortium. A stakeholder and user forum, Scientific Advisory Board and International Advisory Board will ensure that DiSSCo will be functional in enabling science across disciplines and within the international landscape of infrastructures. Training and short scientific missions are being developed in the MOBILISE COST Action to build capacity in FAIR data production, publication and usage of scientific collection-derived data in Europe and to initiate the socio-cultural changes needed in the collection-holding institutes. A Helpdesk is being constructed in the SYNTHESYS+ and DiSSCo Prepare projects to further facilitate the use and scientific use cases have been collected in ICEDIG to develop and facilitate e-services tailored to scientific needs.
Reading books were one of the favorite textual genres of the Franco Regime, used as a privileged vehicle for the transmission of knowledge, values and emotions. This article explores the evolution of their characteristics and contents during the late Franco dictatorship (tardofranquismo). During the first and second phases of Franco Regime, textbooks contained heavy doses of ideological indoctrination, both political and religious. The inculcation of emotions and sentiments in school texts has been demonstrated; in the early decades of the regime, the language employed in the writing of textbooks had the specific objective of manipulating and persuading as a means to control and shape the emotional structure of childhood. There is debate as to what extent and in what manner the nature of the texts (the kinds of readings and their underlying messages) were modified under the new economic policy and technocracy. The study examines ruptures and continuities that appear in reading books and in their texts, focusing on publishers and authors on the one hand – the messages and their written and iconic languages – and on the emotions that are transmitted through both routes on the other. The economic opening and political turn of the regime's later years did lead to certain aesthetic and didactic facelifts in the manuals. However, reading books not only changed their appearance; this study brings to light the changes in socio-emotional schemes, changes that took place slowly and gradually. The projected and stimulated emotions began to be directed more at the world of the children and towards a more constructive way reading, moving away from socio-political objectives ; El libro de lectura fue uno de los géneros textuales favoritos del franquismo, utilizado como vehículo privilegiado para la transmisión de conocimientos, valores y emociones. El artículo explora la evolución de sus características y contenidos en el tardofranquismo. Durante el primer y segundo franquismo los manuales escolares contenían una elevada dosis de adoctrinamiento ideológico, político y religioso. La inculcación de sentimientos y emociones en los textos también ha sido puesta de manifiesto. En aquellas primeras décadas del régimen el lenguaje empleado en la redacción de los manuales tenía objetivos manipulativos y persuasivos de control y moldeamiento de la estructura emocional de la infancia. Se cuestiona hasta qué punto y de qué manera la naturaleza del libro de lectura, el tipo de lecturas y los mensajes subyacentes se modificaron bajo la nueva política económica y la tecnocracia. La investigación examina las rupturas y continuidades que aparecen en los libros de lectura y en sus textos, prestando atención a las editoriales y los autores por un lado; y a los mensajes, al lenguaje escrito e icónico —y a las emociones que se transmiten a través de ambas vías— por otro. La apertura económica y el giro político del régimen permitieron liftings estéticos y didácticos en los manuales. Pero los libros de lectura no solo cambiaron de fisonomía. El estudio descubre que el cambio de esquemas socioemocionales tuvo lugar de forma lenta y gradual; las emociones proyectadas y estimuladas se iban acercando al mundo infantil y a una lectura más constructiva, alejándose de objetivos sociopolíticos.
Durante las últimas décadas, el crecimiento salarial ha estado condicionado por diversos factores: los cambios tecnológicos y el aumento del poder monopolístico que han reducido el peso de los salarios en la renta nacional, los cambios institucionales producidos por reformas laborales que han modificado el mecanismo de fijación de salarios y el ajuste a la Gran Recesión de 2008-2014 y, posteriormente, a la crisis de la COVID-19. Todos estos cambios se produjeron en un contexto de baja o nula inflación, incluso de deflación en algunos años. En este artículo se analiza cómo el cambio en el contexto macroeconómico hacia uno de inflación elevada y persistente puede influir en la determinación de salarios nominales y reales y su dependencia de factores estructurales e institucionales.
En los últimos años se ha ido consolidando en Latinoamérica una tendencia hacia el reposicionamiento del Estado en los procesos políticos y sociales que derivó en nuevos lineamientos de política pública. Esta temática se vincula con la consideración de la llamada "cuestión social", la que se particulariza en cada época bajo la forma de problemas sociales que constituyen la expresión del modo en que se interroga, interpreta, resuelve, ordena y canaliza dicha cuestión. Por lo tanto, como categoría de análisis, remite a los diferentes modos en que se significan y explican los problemas sociales. El campo político y el de los expertos (o los técnicos) son, por excelencia, campos de producción de problemas sociales, en la medida en que son los que gestionan la cuestión social. De ahí derivan los planes y programas de política social que pone en marcha el Estado. El presente artículo analiza a nivel del discurso tomando como fuente los documentos oficiales del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y entrevistas a funcionarios de nivel nacional y provincial los Programas Sociales del Bicentenario, en particular el Programa Familia Argentina. La pretensión es dar respuesta a las siguientes preguntas: cómo se definen los problemas sociales frente a los cuales las políticas sociales se proponen como solución; cuál es la noción de ciudadanía que subyace en esta propuesta de protección social; y cómo se entiende la inclusión. ; In recent years, a trend towards the repositioning of the State in social and political processes has been consolidated in Latin America; that resulted in new guidelines for public policy. This issue is related to the recognition of the "social question", which is particularized in each period under the shape of social problems that constitute the expressions on how it is questioned, interpreted, solved, organized and canalized. Therefore, as a category of analysis, it refers to the various ways in which the social problems get meaning and explanation. The political and the experts (or technicians) fields ...
El artículo analiza la experiencia de desarrollo llevada a cabo por el gobierno del Chaco, Argentina, entre los años 2000 y 2007 mediante la organización del territorio provincial en microrregiones. El énfasis ha sido puesto en los aspectos participativos y en el sentido que el proceso adquirió para sus propios actores. La noción de territorio, en su vinculación con el término ?campo? de Bourdieu, constituyó un concepto relevante a los efectos del análisis. En primer lugar, se explicitan los ejes teóricos del discurso oficial que origina y promueve el proceso: la opción por el desarrollo sustentable, la perspectiva de integración de lo económico con lo social y la generación de espacios participativos para la gestión de las políticas públicas. En la descripción de la experiencia se identifican las tensiones, actores y lógicas subyacentes: iniciativas y razones para la creación de cada microrregión, modalidad de la participación, consecuencias y obstáculos. El análisis muestra que la tensión entre los intereses económicos de los sectores productivos más estabilizados y las expectativas sociales de los sectores vulnerados no logra dirimirse, por lo cual la voluntad asociativa discurre en el marco de esta lógica. El Estado no puede ser un actor prescindente. Estos procesos deben contribuir a afirmar la identidad cultural y el sentido de pertenencia desde una perspectiva que reconozca la diversidad pero no legitime la desigualdad. En este contexto, se destaca la importancia de abrir espacios que permitan nuclear a la población de las distintas jurisdicciones para la discusión de ejes, la definición de políticas y la construcción de consensos que incluyan el reconocimiento del otro como igual, fortaleciendo los mecanismos de cohesión social ; This article discusses the development experience made by the Government of the Chaco, Argentina, the years 2000-2007 through the organization of the provincial territory in microrregiones. The emphasis has been put in participatory aspects and the sense that the process acquired for their own actors. A relevant for the purposes of analysis concept has been the notion of territory, in its link with the notion of ?field? proposed by Bourdieu. Firstly, the theoretical axes of the official discourse that creates and promotes the process made explicit: the choice of sustainable development, the prospect of integration of the economic aspects with social aspects, and the generation of participatory spaces for the management of public policies. Description of the experience identifies tensions, actors and underlying logic: initiatives and reasons for the creation of each microrregión, modalities of participation, consequences and obstacles. The analysis shows that the tension between economic interests of the more stabilized productive sectors and social expectations of excluded sectors fails to resolve is, accordingly the associative will runs within the framework of this logic. The State cannot be an absent actor. These processes must contribute to assert cultural identity and the sense of belonging a perspective that recognizes diversity, but not legitimizing inequality. It?s necessary to open common spaces for the people of different jurisdictions to discuss axes, define policies and build consensus that include the recognition of the other as equal, to strengthen the mechanisms of social cohesion
