Positive accounting theory is one of the basic financial accounting theories. This theory seeks to explain and predict accounting practice of the company. positive accounting theory include three mainstreams of empirical research: 1) three hypotheses (the bonus plan hypothesis, the financial leverage hypothesis and the size hypothesis) explaining accounting policy choice by the managers are tested; 2) earnings manipulation (earnings management, income smoothing, 'taking the bath') and creative accounting are analyzed; and 3) the reaction of capital market to reported accounting numbers and changes of policy methods are researched. Positive accounting theory is considered as a good economic theory, but it is criticized by some authors. Positive accounting theory do not gives prescriptions for accounting practice, it does not say something about good or bad accounting policy of the company. researchers do not take into account relations between managers and accountants in the companies in their empirical investigations. Hypotheses of positive accounting theory and results of many investigations are based on the accounting policy of large politically sensitive (for example, oil and gas) companies in well-developed countries, but results of hypotheses' testing may differ analyzing accounting policy choices of small companies in the middle economy countries. Despite critics positive accounting theory stays mostly grounded accounting research paradigm during last decades. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15544/ssaf.2012.30
Positive accounting theory is one of the basic financial accounting theories. This theory seeks to explain and predict accounting practice of the company. positive accounting theory include three mainstreams of empirical research: I) three hypotheses (the bonus plan hypothesis, the financial leverage hypothesis and the size hypothesis) explaining accounting policy choice by the managers are tested; 2) earnings manipuJation (earnings management, income smoothing, 'taking the bath') and creative accounting are anaJyzed; and 3) the reaction of capitaJ market to reported accounting numbers and changes of policy methods are researched. Positive accounting theory is considered as a good economic theory, but it is criticized by some authors. Positive accounting theory do not gives prescriptions for accounting practice, it does not say something about good or bad accounting policy of the company. researchers do not take into account relations between managers and accountants in the companies in their empirical investigations. Hypotheses of positive accounting theory and resuJts of many investigations are based on the accounting policy of large politica1Jy sensitive (for example, oi! and gas) companies in well-developed countries, but results of hypotheses' testing may differ analyzing accounting policy choices of small companies in the middle economy countries. Despite critics positive accounting theory stays mostly grounded accounting research paradigm during last decades.
Positive accounting theory is one of the basic financial accounting theories. This theory seeks to explain and predict accounting practice of the company. positive accounting theory include three mainstreams of empirical research: I) three hypotheses (the bonus plan hypothesis, the financial leverage hypothesis and the size hypothesis) explaining accounting policy choice by the managers are tested; 2) earnings manipuJation (earnings management, income smoothing, 'taking the bath') and creative accounting are anaJyzed; and 3) the reaction of capitaJ market to reported accounting numbers and changes of policy methods are researched. Positive accounting theory is considered as a good economic theory, but it is criticized by some authors. Positive accounting theory do not gives prescriptions for accounting practice, it does not say something about good or bad accounting policy of the company. researchers do not take into account relations between managers and accountants in the companies in their empirical investigations. Hypotheses of positive accounting theory and resuJts of many investigations are based on the accounting policy of large politica1Jy sensitive (for example, oi! and gas) companies in well-developed countries, but results of hypotheses' testing may differ analyzing accounting policy choices of small companies in the middle economy countries. Despite critics positive accounting theory stays mostly grounded accounting research paradigm during last decades.
Positive accounting theory is one of the basic financial accounting theories. This theory seeks to explain and predict accounting practice of the company. positive accounting theory include three mainstreams of empirical research: I) three hypotheses (the bonus plan hypothesis, the financial leverage hypothesis and the size hypothesis) explaining accounting policy choice by the managers are tested; 2) earnings manipuJation (earnings management, income smoothing, 'taking the bath') and creative accounting are anaJyzed; and 3) the reaction of capitaJ market to reported accounting numbers and changes of policy methods are researched. Positive accounting theory is considered as a good economic theory, but it is criticized by some authors. Positive accounting theory do not gives prescriptions for accounting practice, it does not say something about good or bad accounting policy of the company. researchers do not take into account relations between managers and accountants in the companies in their empirical investigations. Hypotheses of positive accounting theory and resuJts of many investigations are based on the accounting policy of large politica1Jy sensitive (for example, oi! and gas) companies in well-developed countries, but results of hypotheses' testing may differ analyzing accounting policy choices of small companies in the middle economy countries. Despite critics positive accounting theory stays mostly grounded accounting research paradigm during last decades.
Positive accounting theory is one of the basic financial accounting theories. This theory seeks to explain and predict accounting practice of the company. positive accounting theory include three mainstreams of empirical research: I) three hypotheses (the bonus plan hypothesis, the financial leverage hypothesis and the size hypothesis) explaining accounting policy choice by the managers are tested; 2) earnings manipuJation (earnings management, income smoothing, 'taking the bath') and creative accounting are anaJyzed; and 3) the reaction of capitaJ market to reported accounting numbers and changes of policy methods are researched. Positive accounting theory is considered as a good economic theory, but it is criticized by some authors. Positive accounting theory do not gives prescriptions for accounting practice, it does not say something about good or bad accounting policy of the company. researchers do not take into account relations between managers and accountants in the companies in their empirical investigations. Hypotheses of positive accounting theory and resuJts of many investigations are based on the accounting policy of large politica1Jy sensitive (for example, oi! and gas) companies in well-developed countries, but results of hypotheses' testing may differ analyzing accounting policy choices of small companies in the middle economy countries. Despite critics positive accounting theory stays mostly grounded accounting research paradigm during last decades.
A company is a part of a wider social system: the entity is assumed to be influenced by, and in its turn to have influence upon, the society in which it operates. Thus, a company should attend to the expacations of particular users of accounting information in order to satisfy all or only main users' interest to get information for their decision-making. The choise of the company's financial accounting policy is a way to manipulate the users' decision making. It is empirically tested that interest of accounting information users motivate to choose income increasing financial accounting policy.
A company is a part of a wider social system: the entity is assumed to be influenced by, and in its turn to have influence upon, the society in which it operates. Thus, a company should attend to the expacations of particular users of accounting information in order to satisfy all or only main users' interest to get information for their decision-making. The choise of the company's financial accounting policy is a way to manipulate the users' decision making. It is empirically tested that interest of accounting information users motivate to choose income increasing financial accounting policy.
A company is a part of a wider social system: the entity is assumed to be influenced by, and in its turn to have influence upon, the society in which it operates. Thus, a company should attend to the expectations of particular users of accounting information in order to satisfy all or only main users' interests to get information for their decision-making. The choice of the company's financial accounting policy is a way to manipulate the users' decision making. It is empirically tested that interests of accounting information users motivate to choose income increasing financial accounting policy.The most important users of accounting information are customers, suppliers, employees, capital providers, regulators, all users, foreign customers and suppliers. It is assumed that different groups of accounting information users are interested in special company's determinants which influence company's financial accounting policy choice. The main determinants in which the company's users of accounting information are interested include research and development costs, advertising costs, financial leverage, pension schemes, auditing, level of inventory, return on assets, sales, etc.Empirical research in Lithuanian companies showed that when choosing financial accounting policy companies do not take into account interests of most users of accounting information, except regulators and capital providers. interests of regulators are expressed through rules of taxation in financial accounting practise.Respondents believe that when choose financial accounting policy managers of Lithuanian companies mostly respect the interests of shareholders, regulators, employees and respect least the interests of the media and the whole community.The position of small and medium companies does not greatly differ from the position of sample companies, but large companies find the shareholders', regulators', and media's interests more important. It shows that large companies respect the interests of external users of accounting information when choosing financial accounting policy, but it is impossible to understand exactly in which direction these interests are shifted: income increasing or income decreasing. ; Apskaitos alternatyvų pasirinkimas yra socialinio pasirinkimo problema, tačiau daugelyje finansinės apskaitos politikos pasirinkimo empirinių tyrimų autoriai analizuoja ekonominių veiksnių poveikį, neįvertindami žmogiškųjų pasirinkimo veiksnių. Vos keletoje tyrimų, kuriuose teigiama, kad apskaitos informacijos vartotojams yra aktualūs kai kurie įmonės rodikliai, nagrinėjamas jų ryšys su pelną didinančios finansinės apskaitos politikos pasirinkimu ir patvirtinama ši hipotezė. Autorių atlikti Lietuvos įmonėse tyrimai šios hipotezės nepatvirtino, o tai rodo, kad įmonėms, renkantis apskaitos politiką, nėra svarbūs informacijos vartotojų, išskyrus administruojančias institucijas, poreikiai, tačiau galima prognozuoti, kad stambiose įmonėse ateityje bus labiau atsižvelgiama į akcininkų, administruojančių institucijų bei visuomenės informavimo priemonių poreikius.
A company is a part of a wider social system: the entity is assumed to be influenced by, and in its turn to have influence upon, the society in which it operates. Thus, a company should attend to the expacations of particular users of accounting information in order to satisfy all or only main users' interest to get information for their decision-making. The choise of the company's financial accounting policy is a way to manipulate the users' decision making. It is empirically tested that interest of accounting information users motivate to choose income increasing financial accounting policy.
A company is a part of a wider social system: the entity is assumed to be influenced by, and in its turn to have influence upon, the society in which it operates. Thus, a company should attend to the expacations of particular users of accounting information in order to satisfy all or only main users' interest to get information for their decision-making. The choise of the company's financial accounting policy is a way to manipulate the users' decision making. It is empirically tested that interest of accounting information users motivate to choose income increasing financial accounting policy.
Tax planning is a topic of interest for taxpayers, practitioners, public authorities and academics. Analyzing scientific literature on tax planning shows that some authors are looking at the tax planning process, while others are looking at the factors that determine tax planning. Although there are a number of scientific literature analysing these factors, it is noted that there is a need to systematize this literature. The purpose of the article is to identify the determinants of tax planning activities in companies and households. Methods used in the article: systematic analysis of scientific literature, systematization of information, comparison, generalization. After analyzing the scientific literature, authors provide a concept of tax planning and selected determinants that encourage and inhibit the involvement of both types of taxpayers in tax planning activities. After a theoretical analysis, it was found that corporate tax planning is influenced by the company's profitability, profit begor taxes, internationalisation, the scale of foreign operations, listing, capital receptivity and growth, development, size and leverage of the company, optimism of the company CEO, experience of his military service, lobbying, reputation and financial accounting issues. Household tax planning is influenced by taxpayers' age, income, intra-household income inequality, experience, a compendium tax system, its complexity, fines, the likelihood ofecassionisation. Religiousity is a factor that hampers the involvement of both businesses and households in tax planning activities.
Annotation. Tax planning is a topic of interest for taxpayers, practitioners, public authorities and academics. Analyzing scientific literature on tax planning shows that some authors are looking at the tax planning process, while others are looking at the factors that determine tax planning. Although there are a number of scientific literature analysing these factors, it is noted that there is a need to systematize this literature. The purpose of the article is to identify the determinants of tax planning activities in companies and households. Methods used in the article: systematic analysis of scientific literature, systematization of information, comparison, generalization. After analyzing the scientific literature, authors provide a concept of tax planning and selected determinants that encourage and inhibit the involvement of both types of taxpayers in tax planning activities. After a theoretical analysis, it was found that corporate tax planning is influenced by the company's profitability, profit begor taxes, internationalisation, the scale of foreign operations, listing, capital receptivity and growth, development, size and leverage of the company, optimism of the company CEO, experience of his military service, lobbying, reputation and financial accounting issues. Household tax planning is influenced by taxpayers' age, income, intra-household income inequality, experience, a compendium tax system, its complexity, fines, the likelihood ofecassionisation. Religiousity is a factor that hampers the involvement of both businesses and households in tax planning activities. Keywords: tax planning, determinants, tax avoidance, households, company. JEL Code: H26 ; Anotacija. Mokesčių planavimas yra aktualus klausimas, kuriuo domisi mokesčių mokėtojai, praktikai, valdžios institucijos bei mokslininkai. Analizuojant mokslinę literatūrą mokesčių planavimo klausimu, matoma, kad vieni autoriai gilinasi į mokesčių planavimo procesą, kiti – į veiksnius, lemiančius mokesčių planavimą. Nors mokslinės literatūros, analizuojančios minėtus veiksnius, yra nemažai, pastebima, kad atsiranda poreikis šią literatūrą sisteminti. Straipsnio tikslas – identifikuoti veiksnius, lemiančius įmonių ir individų (namų ūkių) įsitraukimą į mokesčių planavimo veiklą. Straipsnyje naudoti metodai: sisteminė mokslinės literatūros analizė, informacijos sisteminimas, lyginimas, apibendrinimas. Straipsnyje, išanalizavus mokslinę literatūrą, pateikta mokesčių planavimo sąvoka bei identifikuoti veiksniai, kurie skatina ir stabdo abiejų tipų mokesčių mokėtojų įsitraukimą į mokesčių planavimo veiklą. Po teorinės analizės nustatyta, kad įmonių mokesčių planavimui įtaką daro įmonės pelningumas, pelnas prieš mokesčius, tarptautiškumas, užsienio operacijų mastas, listingavimas, kapitalo imlumas bei augimas, vystymasis, įmonės dydis ir finansinis svertas, įmonės vadovo optimizmas, jo karo tarnybos patirtis, lobizmas, reputacijos ir finansinės apskaitos klausimai. Namų ūkių mokesčių planavimui poveikį daro mokesčių mokėtojų amžius, pajamos, pajamų nelygybė namų ūkyje, patirtis, kompeksiška mokesčių sistema, jos sudėtingumas, baudos, slėpimo išaiškinimo tikimybė. Tiek įmonių, tiek namų ūkių įsitraukimą į mokesčių planavimo veiklą stabdantis veiksnys – religingumas.JEL klasifikacija: H26.
One of the long-term assets' group is cars. The accounting policy of cars is relevant to the overall accounting policy of the company, as the value of some companies' own cars often accounts for a significant portion of the company's total available assets. The choice of corporate accounting policies is closely related to tax accounting requirements and tax burden optimization. By formulating the company's accounting policy considering the relevant laws and accounting standards, not only can the company properly account for its cars, but also at the same time save – reduce in tax burden. Research object is the corporate's own cars accounting policy. Research purpose is to develop and test the model to help companies choose their own cars tax accounting policy. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks are set: 1) to examine the relationship of companies' own cars accounting policy choices with the tax calculation requirements; 2) to develop the companies' own cars tax accounting policy-making model; 3) to test the application of the created model in the Lithuanian company. The main research methods are induction, comparative analysis of accounting and taxes on long-term assets accounting laws; graphical representation, modelling, and logical analysis are used to form the model of cars tax accounting policy-making; case study, synthesis, generalization, used for model verification. Companies have the opportunity to combine financial and tax accounting objectives in practice, i.e. financial statements presenting a true and fair view of financial position and performance and to reduce the tax burden. Differences between financial and tax accounting arise from the determination of the recognition cost of cars, non-refundable VAT, choice of depreciation methods, methods of beginning and end of depreciation, useful life, residual value, choice of accounting method, interpretation of repair and operating costs. Depending on the choice of certain accounting methods or estimates, the accounting and financial statements may present higher or lower financial and taxable profits. The correct harmonization of the regulation of the 12th BAS and the Law on Profit Tax determines the successful choice of cars accounting methodology, allows the company to use all the possibilities provided by law to reduce the amount of paid taxes. The created model of corporate cars tax accounting policy-making complements the already existing long-term assets' accounting policy concept. After the case analysis in the Ltd. ABC, it has been established that the application of the relevant elements of the accounting policy may lead to a profit-increasing or profit-reducing accounting policy in the company. The most important element of accounting policy, which in particular led to a change in net profit, is the depreciation expense of cars. The biggest negative impact on the company's net profit (4.3 percent) was obtained by applying the double-diminishing value method instead of linear depreciation method. The company's operating result increased 1.8 percent by including repair costs in the acquisition cost and by extending the useful life by 2 years. Extending the useful life of passenger cars to 12 years and trucks to 8 years increases net profit by 1.6 percent. After evaluating the results of the application of the model, it can be stated that the developed company's own cars tax accounting policy-making model has been confirmed. The model can help companies not only to formulate their own cars accounting policies, but also to reduce the tax burden. It can be assumed that the model is suitable for both small and large companies engaged in a variety of activities, as cars are operated by every company.
Tax planning is a topic of interest for taxpayers, practitioners, public authorities and academics. Analyzing scientific literature on tax planning shows that some authors are looking at the tax planning process, while others are looking at the factors that determine tax planning. Although there are a number of scientific literature analysing these factors, it is noted that there is a need to systematize this literature. The purpose of the article is to identify the determinants of tax planning activities in companies and households. Methods used in the article: systematic analysis of scientific literature, systematization of information, comparison, generalization. After analyzing the scientific literature, authors provide a concept of tax planning and selected determinants that encourage and inhibit the involvement of both types of taxpayers in tax planning activities. After a theoretical analysis, it was found that corporate tax planning is influenced by the company's profitability, profit begor taxes, internationalisation, the scale of foreign operations, listing, capital receptivity and growth, development, size and leverage of the company, optimism of the company CEO, experience of his military service, lobbying, reputation and financial accounting issues. Household tax planning is influenced by taxpayers' age, income, intra-household income inequality, experience, a compendium tax system, its complexity, fines, the likelihood ofecassionisation. Religiousity is a factor that hampers the involvement of both businesses and households in tax planning activities.
Tax planning is a topic of interest for taxpayers, practitioners, public authorities and academics. Analyzing scientific literature on tax planning shows that some authors are looking at the tax planning process, while others are looking at the factors that determine tax planning. Although there are a number of scientific literature analysing these factors, it is noted that there is a need to systematize this literature. The purpose of the article is to identify the determinants of tax planning activities in companies and households. Methods used in the article: systematic analysis of scientific literature, systematization of information, comparison, generalization. After analyzing the scientific literature, authors provide a concept of tax planning and selected determinants that encourage and inhibit the involvement of both types of taxpayers in tax planning activities. After a theoretical analysis, it was found that corporate tax planning is influenced by the company's profitability, profit begor taxes, internationalisation, the scale of foreign operations, listing, capital receptivity and growth, development, size and leverage of the company, optimism of the company CEO, experience of his military service, lobbying, reputation and financial accounting issues. Household tax planning is influenced by taxpayers' age, income, intra-household income inequality, experience, a compendium tax system, its complexity, fines, the likelihood ofecassionisation. Religiousity is a factor that hampers the involvement of both businesses and households in tax planning activities.
