Suchergebnisse

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über Potentiale und Grenzen der Entwicklung und Verbreitung des Drei-Liter-Autos in Deutschland – im Kontext der ökologischen Modernisierung. Dabei kommt den Mechanismen der Umweltinnovation und der Innovationsdiffusion eine spezielle Bedeutung zu. Welche staatlichen Aktivitäten im Automobilbereich haben die Umweltinnovation Drei-Liter-Auto beeinflusst? Und: Kann das Drei-Liter-Auto national bzw. international erfolgreich sein? Von besonderem Interesse ist das Wechselspiel von Politik und Technik in diesem Prozess; aber auch die relevanten Akteure (Politik, Greenpeace, Industrie) sowie deren Strategien, Maßnahmen und Ziele. Zur Innovation des Drei-Liter-Autos in Deutschland hat die Politik vor allem mit marktwirtschaftlichen Instrumenten und einem kalkulierbaren Politikstil beigetragen sowie durch das gebildete Netzwerk mit der Autoindustrie. Gleichwohl fehlen politische Maßnahmen, die Diffusion der Drei-Liter-Pkw entscheidend zu stimulieren. Die Umweltpolitik Deutschlands reicht nicht aus, um internationale Lead-Markt-Effekte zu erzielen – obgleich zahlreiche Potentiale vorhanden sind. Derzeit ist das Segment der Drei-Liter-Fahrzeuge in Deutschland noch ein regionaler Pilotmarkt. ; The paper, which is to be seen in the context of ecological modernisation, gives an analysis of the potentials and limits of the development and diffusion of fuel efficient automobiles (so called "3-literautomobiles") in Germany. The mechanisms of environmental innovation and those of their diffusion are of particular importance. In this respect quite a few questions arise. The focus is on the question on what kind of government actions – within the domain of the automobile industry – did influence the environmental innovations. Furthermore it is studied if the 3-liter-car can be expected to be successful on the German and on the international markets. But innovation is a highly difficult task, especially for governments. Of special interest is the interplay between policy and technology, and the ...

The preservation of grassland is an intensely disputed topic in th EU, in general, and in Germany in particular. Preservation of grassland is topical mainly for two reasons: the protection of abiotic resources (e.g. erosion) and the preservation of species rich grasslands. Both reason are addressed by the Greening of the Commn Agricultural Policy. We analyse how the share and area of agriculturally used grassland evolved between 2010 and 2015 in dependence of the areas' legal status and relevance for certain environmental aspects. The analysed categories are nature reserves ("Naturschutzgebiet"), sites of community importance (SCI), designated floodplains and grassland on organic soils. We use data of the Integrated Accounting and Control Systems from five German Federal States. Since 2014, the area of agricultural used permanent grassland increased in all investigated categories. In addition, in nature reserves and SCIs the share of permanent grassland managed organically is more than three times higher compared to normal landscapes.

During the last decades biodiversity in agricultural landscapes was strongly decreasing in the EU and also in Germany. Loss in species often results from loss of habitats as a result of intensification as well as abandonment of agricultural land. This trend occurs despite the promotion of environmentally friendly farming practices in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). A common public supposition is that small farms operate more environmentally sensitive. This prejudice is mirrored by the European Commission's legislative proposals for the new CAP. In recent years we conducted studies in Germany evaluating if there is a linkage between farm size and environmental output. These studies analysed support instruments of the 1st and 2nd pillar, in particularly Greening and agri-environmental and climate measures (AECM). We analysed agricultural land use and triggers for land use change in Germany based on data of the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS). We present results for the management of environmental focus areas (EFA), the enrolment of grassland in dark green AECM, the distribution of organic farming and high nature value (HNV) grassland. From our various analyses we can see no evidence that smaller full time family farms behave per se more environmentally sensitive compared to larger farms. We therefore strongly recommend not cofounding aspects of environmental targeting of payments with social or structural considerations.

For community managers and hosts it is not only important to identify the current key topics of a community but also to assess the specificity level of the community for: a) creating sub-communities, and: b) anticipating community behaviour and topical evolution. In this paper we present an approach that empirically characterises the topical specificity of online community forums by measuring the abstraction of semantic concepts discussed within such forums. We present a range of concept abstraction measures that function over concept graphs - i.e. resource type-hierarchies and SKOS category structures - and demonstrate the efficacy of our method with an empirical evaluation using a ground truth ranking of forums. Our results show that the proposed approach outperforms a random baseline and that resource type-hierarchies work well when predicting the topical specificity of any forum with various abstraction measures.

Interpreting the meaning of a document represents a fundamental challenge for current semantic analysis methods. One interesting aspect mostly neglected by existing methods is that authors of a document usually assume certain background knowledge of their intended audience. Based on this knowledge, authors usually decide what to communicate and how to communicate it. Traditionally, this kind of knowledge has been elusive to semantic analysis methods. However, with the rise of social media such as Twitter, background knowledge of intended audiences (i.e., the community of potential readers) has become explicit to some extents, i.e., it can be modeled and estimated. In this paper, we (i) systematically compare different methods for estimating background knowledge of different audiences on Twitter and (ii) investigate to what extent the background knowledge of audiences is useful for interpreting the meaning of social media messages. We find that estimating the background knowledge of social media audiences may indeed be useful for interpreting the meaning of social media messages, but that its utility depends on manifested structural characteristics of message streams.

Mit der Reform der Gemeinsamen Europäischen Agrarpolitik (GAP) 2013 wurde, neben einer gerechteren Verteilung der Agrarförderung, eine stärkere Ausrichtung auf ökologische Ziele angestrebt. Die Umsetzung erfolgte ab 2015. Zentrales Element für eine nachhaltigere, ökologisch ausgerichtete Agrarförderung war dabei das Greening mit den drei verpflichtenden Elementen Kulturartendiversität, Grünlandschutz und Etablierung ökologischer Vorrangflächen auf 5 % des Ackerlandes. Die ökologische Wirksamkeit der damit verbundenen Regelungen wurde bereits vorab kontrovers diskutiert, ebenso wie die Verhältnismäßigkeit des damit einhergehenden Management- und Kontrollaufwandes für die Landwirte und Landwirtschaftsbehörden. Aufwand und Nutzen sind daher im Rahmen wissenschaftlicher Studien zu analysieren und zu evaluieren. Das Forschungsprojekt "Evaluierung der GAP-Reform aus Sicht des Umweltschutzes" analysierte landwirtschaftliche Landnutzungsänderungen im Zeitraum von 2010 bis 2015 in Deutschland. Im Fokus lagen dabei Veränderungen durch die Agrarreform sowie daraus resultierende Effekte auf den abiotischen Ressourcenschutz. Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage wurde eine Dokumentenanalyse ausgewählter ländlicher Entwicklungsprogramme vorgenommen und zusätzlich Befragungen landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe sowie von Vertretern aus der Agrarverwaltung und Beratung. Ergänzend dazu wurde eine statistische Analyse der Daten des Integrierten Verwaltungs- und Kontrollsystems (InVeKos) von sieben Bundesländern für den Zeitraum 2010 bis 2015 vorgenommen. ; The reform of the European Common Agricultural Practice (CAP) in 2013 set a new focus on environ-mental objectives, besides promoting a fair distribution of agricultural payments. It was implemented in 2015. The key feature for improving sustainability and targeting environmental goals in the new CAP is the so called Greening. The Greening bases on three key elements: diversifying crops, maintaining permanent grassland and establishing ecological focus areas on 5 % of the arable land. The resulting ecological impact has been discussed controversial already in advance, as well as the additional efforts on management and controlling for farmers and authorities. Therefore, the ensuing costs and benefits need to be assessed and evaluated in scientific studies. The research project "Evaluation of the CAP reform from an environmental perspective" investigated agricultural land use changes in the period 2010 to 2015 in Germany. The project was focused on land use changes affecting abiotic resources initiated by CAP reform. For this purpose, we analyzed a selection of rural development programs. Furthermore, we conducted interviews with farmers and also consultants and representatives from the agricultural administration. Additionally, we performed a statistical analysis of data from the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) of seven federal states of the period 2010 to 2015 with regard to issues of abiotic resource protection.