The paper deals with the use of scientific and technological potential in Lithuania under conditions of global economy. Aft er acknowledging that the need for innovations and scientific knowledge for the economic development becomes more and more relevant and the efficient sciencebusiness cooperation is necessary when solving relevant economic development and technology progress problems on the global scale the results of the research on science and technology development, funding, human resources and innovation development in Lithuania as well as in the EU-27 are present ed in the article. Though currently a lot of research works dealing with the problems of the scientific and technological pot ent ial use appear some questions have not been analysed properly. In scientific literature there is no common opinion about the definit ion of the scientific and technological potential and the factors having the biggest influence on the scientific and technological pot ent ial development have not been identified, estimated and analysed properly. The results of the research have shown that the science and technology development in Lithuania depends on the close cooperation between business and public sector; however Lithuania remains behind the others in context of the European Union countries. It is stated that not all possibilities to improve the count ry's competitive ability under condit ions of global economy have been currently used.
The paper deals with the use of scientific and technological potential in Lithuania under conditions of global economy. Aft er acknowledging that the need for innovations and scientific knowledge for the economic development becomes more and more relevant and the efficient sciencebusiness cooperation is necessary when solving relevant economic development and technology progress problems on the global scale the results of the research on science and technology development, funding, human resources and innovation development in Lithuania as well as in the EU-27 are present ed in the article. Though currently a lot of research works dealing with the problems of the scientific and technological pot ent ial use appear some questions have not been analysed properly. In scientific literature there is no common opinion about the definit ion of the scientific and technological potential and the factors having the biggest influence on the scientific and technological pot ent ial development have not been identified, estimated and analysed properly. The results of the research have shown that the science and technology development in Lithuania depends on the close cooperation between business and public sector; however Lithuania remains behind the others in context of the European Union countries. It is stated that not all possibilities to improve the count ry's competitive ability under condit ions of global economy have been currently used.
The present research work deals with the main macroeconomic indicators of the new European Union countries (EU-10) in 2003–2007 and provides tendencies of economic differentiation change. The theoretical part of the research work defines the key macroeconomic indicators: gross domestic product, inflation level, unemployment level, international trade balance, and foreign direct investment. The analytical part of the research work analyses dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators of the new EU members in 2003 2007 as well as investigates the factors that had an impact on changes in indicators. In order to evaluate the economic development of the countries, macroeconomic indicators of the new ES countries are compared with average macroeconomic indicators of the old EU members. The analysis concerning industrial power, economy growth and economic development level of the new EU countries showed that four-year period of membership in EU is too short to come to the economic level of the old EU members. Among the leaders remain Cyprus, Slovenia and Malta. Average rates of growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in the Baltic States exceeded growth rates of other new countries two or three times; Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia remained the economically weakest countries. The analysis of growth rates of GDP per capita suggests a conclusion that the smaller index, the bigger is its growth rate and economic state potential. The highest and largest GDP index is in those countries that have strong specialization: tourism. The smallest inflation rate was in the economically strongest new EU countries, i.e. Malta, Cyprus, Czech Republic and Poland. The Baltic States, the economically weakest countries, although they were characterized by the fastest economic development, faced the problem of growing inflation rate, which became an obstacle for euro introduction in Lithuania and Latvia. [.]
The present research work deals with the main macroeconomic indicators of the new European Union countries (EU-10) in 2003–2007 and provides tendencies of economic differentiation change. The theoretical part of the research work defines the key macroeconomic indicators: gross domestic product, inflation level, unemployment level, international trade balance, and foreign direct investment. The analytical part of the research work analyses dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators of the new EU members in 2003 2007 as well as investigates the factors that had an impact on changes in indicators. In order to evaluate the economic development of the countries, macroeconomic indicators of the new ES countries are compared with average macroeconomic indicators of the old EU members. The analysis concerning industrial power, economy growth and economic development level of the new EU countries showed that four-year period of membership in EU is too short to come to the economic level of the old EU members. Among the leaders remain Cyprus, Slovenia and Malta. Average rates of growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in the Baltic States exceeded growth rates of other new countries two or three times; Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia remained the economically weakest countries. The analysis of growth rates of GDP per capita suggests a conclusion that the smaller index, the bigger is its growth rate and economic state potential. The highest and largest GDP index is in those countries that have strong specialization: tourism. The smallest inflation rate was in the economically strongest new EU countries, i.e. Malta, Cyprus, Czech Republic and Poland. The Baltic States, the economically weakest countries, although they were characterized by the fastest economic development, faced the problem of growing inflation rate, which became an obstacle for euro introduction in Lithuania and Latvia. [.]
Growing municipal borrowing is not surprising today because not only municipalities but also the state itself borrows actively. We live in a period when the funds of EU are actively being absorbed, and according to regulations, in order to use these funds, it is necessary, albeit a small part, to add own funds. The borrowing requirement which exists at all levels of government is aggregated, and borrowed funds represent the total public debt. When the need arises, municipalities, like the state, can borrow financial resources, but their borrowing is more regulated than the state. The research problem. The annual public resources generated by municipalities represent only a small fraction of public finance flows circulating in state jurisdiction. The financial situation of municipalities is complicated due to the fact that insufficient funds are allocated from the state budget to ensure the performance of state-delegated functions. This article looks at the answers to questions of what are the reasons for municipal borrowing and what are the opportunities of growing borrowing to continue borrowing? The object of the researchis municipal debt. The purpose of the researchis to analyze municipal debt and borrowing as a phenomenon and to reveal the borrowing situation of Lithuanian municipalities. The statistical data of theDepartment of Statisticsto the Government of the Republic ofLithuania, the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Lithuania and the Association of Lithuanian Municipalities were used for the analysis. For the analysis of the municipal debt situation the budget income and expenditures of all sixty municipalities and municipal net annual borrowing were analyzed. Research period is 2005–2014.This choice of the research period allows to partially eliminate the influence of economic cyclicality, because this period covered rapid economic growth after Lithuania's accession to the European Union, a period of economic recession since 2008, and the last economic recovery period. Based on the analysis, municipal borrowing in Lithuania and other countries is strictly regulated with established borrowing limits and borrowing objectives, usually borrowing is in the domestic banking market for a long or short period. The reasons for borrowing are varied, but usually they are aimed at attracting additional investment by contributing to the borrowed funds of the municipality.In most cases, municipalities pay off in the implementation of EU structural funds projects, to which they themselves have to contribute. In 2013–2014, the debt for these projects amounted to about 50% of all municipal debts. Due to EU projects, debt grows in all municipalities. Another reason for borrowing is related to the increasing trend of municipal functions in Lithuania, although self-generated municipal income is decreasing. All this also becomes the reason for borrowing. The total debt of all municipalities in Lithuania, per capita, is increasing every year. During the analyzed period, this debt increased by 4.68 times. However, the municipal debt of Lithuania compared with the debt of municipalities of other EU countries shows that this debt is not high and has a potential for future growth. However, since 2014, the debt of Lithuanian municipalities, albeit insignificant, has been decreasing. Very similar debt is also in Estonia, slightly more in Latvia. The most indebted are the municipalities of France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The growing responsibilities of municipalities in Lithuania reflect the development of active regions, which invest heavily in infrastructure, community projects and economics, and therefore EU funds provide funding to municipalities in implementing targeted projects. On the basis of rules in Lithuania, in order to receive EU funds, the municipality must itself contribute with its own funds to the ongoing project. In such cases, the state gives the municipalities the right to increase their obligations. During the analyzed period, in comparison with the Lithuanian metropolitan municipalities, Vilnius city, Klaipeda City, and Kaunas City municipalities borrowed the most. It is considered that the high level of indebtedness of major cities of Lithuania is determined by both the desire to create an attractive and balanced environment for a large flow of people and business entities to live and work as well as implementation of a large and strategic state infrastructure projects. Borrowing is an inevitable macroeconomic process that can spur economic growth. If borrowed funds are diverted to productive investments and the level of debt does not endanger economic stability, municipalities could increase their debts, of course guaranteeing the repayment of debt in a timely manner. The problem arises when borrowed funds are used only for consumption or short-term projects, thus these funds do not generate the necessary income in order to timely repay the debt, therefore the situation becomes difficult without the additional state financial support. This scientific article is funded by the Research Council of Lithuania according to the project "The evaluation of municipalities' fiscal competitiveness in the context of economic growth" (2015–2018), registration No. MIP-013/2015.
