Suchergebnisse

Intro -- THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PREJUDICE -- THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PREJUDICE -- Contents -- Preface -- The Cognitive Science of Prejudice -- Abstract -- Cognitive Processes Support Prejudicial Thinking -- Categorization -- Illusory Correlations -- Own-Race Bias -- Evidence That Prejudice Is Unconscious -- Priming -- Association -- Evidence of Prejudice on the Brain -- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation -- Amygdala Activation -- Event-Related Potentials -- Cognitive Costs of Prejudice -- Questioning the Cognitive Science Approach to Prejudice -- Conclusion -- References -- The Neuroscientific Study of Prejudice -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Neural Correlates of Stereotypes and Prejudice -- ATL and Stereotypes and Prejudice -- ATL and Racial Prejudice -- Follow-on Experimentation -- Conclusion -- References -- Prejudice: A Reflection of Core Personality? -- Abstract -- Explaining Prejudice -- Generalized Prejudice -- Personality Explanations -- Authoritarianism and Social Dominance -- Core and Surface Personality -- Social Psychology Explanations -- Social Identity and Self-Categorization Theory -- Contextual Factors -- Empirical Findings -- Generalized Prejudice -- Evidence for the Personality-Prejudice Relationship -- Experimental Evidence of the Roles of Personality and Social Psychology -- in Prejudice -- Conclusion -- Author's Note -- References -- The Development of Children's Ethnic Prejudice: The Critical Influence of Social Identity, Social Group Norms, and Social Acumen -- Abstract -- Approaches to Children's Prejudice -- Clarifications and Qualifications -- Social Identity Development Theory -- Theory -- Research -- Implications from SIDT -- Research Support for SIDT -- Social Group Identification -- Ethnic Preference and its Effects on Intra- and Intergroup Attitudes -- Turning Ethnic Preference into Ethnic Prejudice.

OBJECTIVES: US Army reserve soldiers and active-duty soldiers differ in their daily work demands and supporting resources, yet research on reservists' health and fitness is lacking. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether physical test failure rates and health behaviors differed between active-duty soldiers and reserve soldiers and (2) establish which demographic and health behavioral factors were associated with failing physical tests. METHODS: We analyzed a sample of 239 329 US Army active-duty and reserve soldiers surveyed from September 2013 through March 2015 using the Global Assessment Tool. We extracted data on soldier demographic characteristics and health behaviors, as well as Body Composition Test (BCT) and Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) results. We compared the 2 groups using the active-to-reserve adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for each variable. We used logistic regression models to determine which variables were associated with failing these tests. RESULTS: The odds of failing the BCT (aOR = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.78) or the APFT (aOR = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.30-0.32) were lower among active-duty soldiers than among reservists, and the odds of doing high levels of high-intensity interval training (aOR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.42-1.51), resistance training (aOR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.42-1.48), and vigorous physical activity (aOR = 2.92; 95% CI, 2.86-2.98) were higher among active-duty soldiers than among reservists. The odds of using tobacco (aOR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.35-1.40), binge drinking alcohol (aOR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.09-1.13), having insomnia (aOR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.43-1.48) or mild depression (aOR = 1.50; 95% CI, 1.48-1.53), and sustaining a physical activity–related injury (aOR = 2.52; 95% CI, 2.47-2.57) were higher among active-duty soldiers than among reservists. CONCLUSIONS: Policy makers and military leaders could use this information to implement health screenings and tailor health-promotion, intervention, and treatment programs.