The Use of Force and Article 2 of the ECHR in Light of European Conflicts
In: Modern Studies in European Law Ser
Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Table of Abbreviations -- Table of Cases -- 1 -- Introduction -- I. Methodology -- 2 -- Introducing Guidelines on Article 2 -- I. Origins of the Right to Life -- II. The Right to Life in Europe -- III. Justification for Creating the Proposed Guidelines -- IV. Conclusion -- 3 -- Duty to Refrain from Unjustified Killing -- I. Finding a Violation of the Duty to Refrain from an Unjustified Killing -- II. "Absolutely Necessary" Test -- III. Defence of Any Person from Unlawful Violence-Article 2(2)(a) of the ECHR -- IV. Effect a Lawful Arrest or to Prevent Escape-Article 2(2)(b) of the ECHR -- V. Quelling a Riot and Insurrection-Article 2(2)(c) of the ECHR -- VI. Margin of Appreciation and Article 2 -- VII. Conclusion -- 4 -- Duty to Protect Life By Law -- I. WHAT DOES PROTECTING LIFE BY LAW ENTAIL? -- II. DOMESTIC LAWS -- III. THE ECtHR's APPROACH TO DOMESTIC LAWS -- IV. CONCLUSION -- 5 -- Duty to Protect LifePlanning and Reasonable Steps -- I. DUTY TO ADEQUATELY PLAN OPERATIONS -- II. DUTY TO PROTECT AGAINST REAL AND IMMEDIATE RISKS TO LIFE -- III. EXTRA-TERRITORIAL SCOPE OF ARTICLE 2 -- IV. CONCLUSION -- 6 -- Enforced Disappearances -- I. The Evolving Concept of Enforced Disappearances -- II. Defining Enforced Disappearances -- III. Protection by Law -- IV. Duty to Investigate Enforced Disappearances -- V. The Standard and Burden of Proof -- VI. Conclusion -- 7 -- Duty to Investigate Suspicious Deaths -- I. Establishing Minimum Requirements for an Article 2 Investigation -- II. State"s Own Motion -- III. Purpose of the Investigation -- IV. Prompt Commencement of Investigations -- V. Reasonable Expedition of Investigations -- VI. Thorough Investigation -- VII. Independent and Impartial Investigations -- VIII. Public Scrutiny -- IX. Conclusion -- 8 -- Right to an Effective Remedy and Article 2 of the ECHR